All readers are encouraged to consider these conceptual pitfalls carefully in order that they may be avoided. This paper provides an overview of the basic process of natural selection, discusses the extent and possible causes of misunderstandings of the process, and presents a review of the most common misconceptions that must be corrected before a functional understanding of natural selection and adaptive evolution can be achieved. Evans EM, Spiegel A, Gram W, Frazier BF, Thompson S, Tare M, Diamond J. However, again, this misinterprets the modern meaning of fitness, which can be both predicted in terms of which traits are expected to be successful in a specific environment and measured in terms of actual reproductive success in that environment. Jeffery WR. Bloom P, Weisberg DS. This subset of Generation 2 proceeds to reproduce. Evo Edu Outreach. Some components of the process, most notably the sources of variation and the mechanisms of inheritance, were, due to the limited available information in Darwin's time, either vague or incorrect in his original formulation. 2007;42:189–209. The term evolution by natural selection does not refer to individuals changing, only to changes in the frequency of adaptive characteristics in the population as a whole. It therefore reappears easily even in those with some basic scientific training; for example, in descriptions of ecological balance (“fungi grow in forests to help decomposition”) or species survival (“finches diversified in order to survive”; Kelemen and Rosset 2009). Cognition. Not surprisingly, human psychology includes a powerful bias toward thoughts about the “purpose” or “function” of objects and behaviors—what Kelemen and Rosset (2009) dub the “human function compunction.” This bias is particularly strong in children, who are apt to see most of the world in terms of purpose; for example, even suggesting that “rocks are pointy to keep animals from sitting on them” (Kelemen 1999a, b; Kelemen and Rosset 2009). http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/antimicrobialResistance/Understanding/history.htm, http://www.lamarck.cnrs.fr/index.php?lang=en, 10.1662/0002-7685(2004)066[0604:MSSLIE]2.0.CO;2, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199610)33:8<879::AID-TEA4>3.0.CO;2-T, 10.1662/0002-7685(2007)69[460:TNSICN]2.0.CO;2, 10.1662/0002-7685(2002)064[0021:HSBTKS]2.0.CO;2, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199811)82:6<679::AID-SCE3>3.0.CO;2-E, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-009-0128-1. Moore et al. Evolution by natural selection leads to adaptation within a population.
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