Around 1.3 million casualties of the conflict were attributed to the use of gas and the psychological effect on troops may have had a much greater effect. [47] On 14 September Syria deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC with the United Nations as the depositary and agreed to its provisional application pending entry into force effective 14 October. France used tear gas in 1914, but the first large-scale successful deployment of chemical weapons was by the German Empire in Ypres, Belgium in 1915, when chlorine gas was released as part of a German attack at the Battle of Gravenstafel. The U.N. Security Council ordered the dismantling of Iraq's chemical weapon stockpile in 1991. Similar treaties banned the First Austrian Republic, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and the Kingdom of Hungary from chemical weapons, all belonging to the losing side, the Central powers. In 1995, an appellate chamber in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia stated that "there had undisputedly emerged a general consensus in the international community on the principle that the use of chemical weapons is also prohibited in internal armed conflicts." [4] The Geneva Protocol is a protocol to the Convention for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition and in Implements of War signed on the same date, and followed the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. The Second Polish Republic suggested the addition of bacteriological weapons. [11] In 2014, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons confirmed the use of chlorine gas in the Syrian villages of Talmanes, Al Tamanah and Kafr Zeta, but did not say which side used the gas. Signed at Geneva, 17 June 1925", "Seventh BWC Review Conference Briefing Book", "High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Protocol", "Algeria: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Angola: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Australia: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Bahrain: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Bangladesh: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Barbados: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Belgium: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Bulgaria: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Cambodia: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Canada: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Chile: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "China: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Estonia: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Fiji: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "France: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "India: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Iraq: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Ireland: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Israel: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Jordan: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Kuwait: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Libya: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Mongolia: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Netherlands: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "New Zealand: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Nigeria: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Papua New Guinea: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Romania: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Russian Federation: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Seventh Review Conference of Biological Weapons Convention", "Article VII: Geneva Protocol Obligations and the BTWC", "Slovakia: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Solomon Islands: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "South Africa: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Spain: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Syrian Arab Republic: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Thailand: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Ratification of 1925 Geneva", "United States of America: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Viet Nam: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", "Yemen: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geneva_Protocol&oldid=973836362, Treaties of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola, Treaties of the People's Republic of Benin, Treaties of the Brazilian military government, Treaties of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic, Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan, Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies, Treaties extended to the Dutch East Indies, Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony), Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles needing additional references from November 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits the large-scale use, development, production, stockpiling and transfer of chemical weapons. As of May 2018, 193 states, representing over 98 percent of the world's population, are party to the CWC. Following this, a chemical arms race began, with the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria-Hungary, the United States, and Italy joining France and Germany in the use of chemical weapons. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Serieson 7 September 1929. In 2005, the International Committee of the Red Cross concluded that customary international law includes a ban on the use of chemical weapons in internal as well as international conflicts.[10].
[9][13], In 1966, United Nations General Assembly resolution 2162B called for, without any dissent, all states to strictly observe the protocol.
The use of chemical weapons is prohibited in international armed conflicts in a series of treaties, including the Hague Declaration concerning Asphyxiating Gases, the Geneva Gas Protocol, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Statute of the International Criminal Court. [13]:394 Subsequently, numerous states have withdrawn their reservations, including the former Czechoslovakia in 1990 prior to its dissolution.[19].
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