In keeping their native tongue, Persians expanded the nature of Islam from a religion with primary Arabic origins to a more encompassing world religion. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. The 'folk poetry' as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sunni and Shi'a traditions. This was also the first time since the 19th century that Turkish literature was escaping from Western influence and began to mix Western forms with other forms. In the north, where horticulture is tantamount, the carpets are woven to represent Persian gardens. They enjoyed strong position in the city of Bukhara, and it grew under the Samanids' successors Kara-Khanid Khanate. At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Ottomans rose to predominance in Asia Minor, and developed an empire that subjugated most of the Arab Islamic world as well as south-eastern Europe. Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923. The main reason for this was Safavids' introduction of Shiism into Persia, done to distinguish themselves from their Sunni neighbors, especially Ottomans. [citation needed], The Seljuq successors of Kara-Khanid Khanate in Transoxiana brought this culture westward into Persia, Iraq, and Syria. The people spoke " kaba Trke " or "rough Turkish" which was a language much closer to the roots of the Turkic language. Formulating the Sunni concept of division between temporal and religious authorities, he provided a theological basis for the existence of Sultanate, a temporal office alongside the Caliphate, which by that time was merely a religious office. Accordingly, the magazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating a Western-style "high art" in Turkey. As the three ethnic groups ruled once an empire at their time in. During the early years of the Republic of Turkey, established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the government invested large sums of resources into fine arts such as architecture and sculpture, and other artistic fields around the country in-line with the newly implemented reformist and West-leaning policies. It gave a visual image to the literary plot, making it more enjoyable, and easier to understand. The Ottomans patronized Persian literature for five and a half centuries and, because Asia Minor was more stable than eastern territories, they attracted great numbers of writers and artists, especially in the sixteenth century. After the fall of the Uyghur nomadic state, many Turkic peoples moved to Turkestan, then a predominantly Iranian and Tokharian region, which became increasingly Turkicized. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mathnawi (also known as mesnev), a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry. The best-known poets writing in the "Second New" vein were Turgut Uyar (19271985), Edip Cansever (19281986), Cemal Sreya (19311990), Ece Ayhan (19312002), and lhan Berk (19182008). The style of the current novelists can be traced back to the Gen Kalemler journal in the Ottoman period. It was this Persian Islam, rather than the original Arab Islam, that was brought to new areas and new peoples: to the Turks, first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey, and of course to India. [5] The combination of these elements in the Islamic society had a strong impact on the religion, because Islam was disengaged from its Arabic background and Bedouin traditions and became a far richer, more adaptable, and universal culture. [12] The film La finestra di fronte (2003) was particularly successful, winning the Best Film and Scholars Jury awards at the 2003 David di Donatello Awards, the Crystal Globe and Best Director awards at the 2003 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, the 2003 Silver Ribbon for Best Original Story from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists, the Festival Prize at the 2004 Foyle Film Festival, the Audience Award at the 2004 Rehoboth Beach Independent Film Festival, and the Canvas Audience Award at the 2004 Flanders International Film Festival.[12]. Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still-existent ashik ("ak" or "ozan") tradition, the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. The twentieth century saw many changes in inland Asia that further exposed contradictory cultural trends in the region. Roger M. Savory, "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia", in Isl., 1965, Roy, Olivier., 1986. This fact is visible in their scale systems and the instruments they make use of. Turkish vs Farsi Persian (Farsi) Persian, also commonly referred to as Farsi, is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Turkic ascendance to power in the Samanid court brought Turks as the main patrons of Persianate culture, and as they subjugated Western and Southern Asia, they brought along this culture. With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the years 13001453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period in architecture, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. Nezami is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature. Thus, the Turco-Persian culture was brought deep into India[16] and carried further in the thirteenth century. (The profession can also carry implications of being an alchemist.). Persia and Central Asia became a heartland of Persianate language and culture. ), who may be the best-known of the pre-19th century aks; Dadalolu (1785?1868? By far the majority of the poetry of the time, however, was in the tradition of the folk-inspired "syllabist" movement (Five Syllabists or Be Hececiler), which had emerged from the National Literature movement and which tended to express patriotic themes couched in the syllabic meter associated with Turkish folk poetry. There are many advantages to acquiring a new language. Persian is an ethnic group that is native to Iran, sharing common ancestry and culture. In modern day Mahmoud Farshchian is a world renowned master of Persian painting and miniatures. Much like African Americans and Japanese can be Christian, Persians and Arabs can be Muslim. From time to time Istanbul and Antalya also host the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship; while the Turkish leg of the Red Bull Air Race World Series, an air racing competition, takes place above the Golden Horn in Istanbul. The Sogdian influence on the state was considerable. This suggests that a dish is a speciality of that area, or may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. [citation needed]. The art of miniature painting in Persia flourished from the 13th through the 16th centuries, and continues to this day, with several contemporary artists producing notable Persian miniatures. He is the recipient of major Turkish and international literary awards, such as the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. [19] Another major sport in which the Turks have been internationally successful is weightlifting; as Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European,[20] World and Olympic[21] championship titles. It was during this period that Baroque-style mosques were starting to be constructed. [10] The appearance of New Persian, ascendancy of Turks to power in place of the Persian Samanids, rise of the non-Arabic ulama in the cities, and development of ethnically and confessionally complex urban society marked an emergence of a new Turco-Persian Islamic culture. More recently, Semih Kaplanolu won the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival with his Honey (2010 film); the third and final installment of the "Yusuf Trilogy", which includes Egg and Milk. Tiles are used in two different ways for art. The Shahnameh contains 62 stories, told in 990 chapters with 50,000 rhyming couplets. The state accepts all citizens as Turks. . [8], The Samanids began recording their court affairs in Arabic and in this language, and they used it as the main public idiom. Most of Irans population speak Indo-Iranian but also some speak Semitic, and Turkic languages. [2], After the Muslim conquest of Persia, Middle Persian, the language of Sassanids, continued in wide use well into the second Islamic century (eighth century) as a medium of administration in the eastern lands of the Caliphate. Most classical period designs used the Byzantine architecture of the neighboring Balkans as its base, and from there, ethnic elements were added, creating a different architectural style. Prior to the foundation of Islam in Iran, Persians are noted for the development of one of the oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism. His best known works are the Bustan (The Orchard) and the Golestan (The Rose Garden). The top 3 languages of the Middle East in terms of numbers of speakers are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. It is solely a religion. Il-Khans and Timurids deliberately patronized Persianate high culture. Nastaliq is the most popular styles among classical Persian calligraphy scripts. [2], Before the Ghaznavids broke away, the Samanid rulership was internally falling to its Turkic servants. The most important function of miniature was illustration. These cultural similarities were perpetuated by poets, artists, architects, artisans, jurists, and scholars, who maintained relations among their peers in the far-flung cities of the Turco-Persian world, from Istanbul to Delhi.[5]. Young Pens was published in Selanik under mer Seyfettin, Ziya Gkalp and Ali Canip Yntem. His influence in the lives of Persian speakers can be found in Hafez readings and the frequent use of his poems in Persian traditional music, visual art, and Persian calligraphy. The Turks did not accept to live in captivity throughout . It attracted many scholars and artists of the Islamic world. [4], Turkic-Persian tradition was a variant of Islamic culture. [citation needed]. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Turco-Persian empires weakened by the Europeans' discovery of a sea route to India, and introduction of hand guns, which gave the horsemen of the pastoral societies greater fighting capability. Ferdowsi enshrined in literary form the most treasured stories of popular folk-memory. The Taj Mahal was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The Ottomans integrated mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs. The European powers encroached into the Turco-Persian region, contributing to the political fragmentation of the region. Attar was one of the most ancient and highly revered poets of Persia. The festivity traces its roots where Santa Claus was born in Turkey and is known as Noel Baba. Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were numerous, and also several minority Islamic sects had considerable following. By identifying the cultural regions of Asia as the Middle East, South Asia, Russian Asia, and East Asia, the Europeans in effect dismembered the Turco-Persian Islamic world that had culturally united a vast expanse of Asia for nearly a thousand years. Kara-Khanids established a dominance of ulama in the cities, and the network of recognized Islamic authorities became an alternative social instrument for the maintenance of public order. My Turkish etymological dictionary gives again the following pronunciations (using Turkish phonetical spelling, which tends to be different from other transcriptions in Latin letters): the Akkadian as tinru, the Aramaic tanr, the Hebrew tennr, the Persian both tanr and tandr, the Arabic tanr, the Turkish tandr, the Hindustani tandri. [3] The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. [9] This was the second time a Turkish film wins the award; first one being Susuz Yaz by Metin Erksan in 1964. Berlinale: 54th Berlin International Film Festival. "Persian Culture" - World's (Oldest & Richest) Cultures! This was done as part of a process of modernization, westernization, and of creating and outlining a new Turkish cultural identity, rather than the previously established and depicted Ottoman identity. This area north of Siberia, south of the Himalayas, surrounded by the Caspian Sea to the east and west of the mountains Kingan a wide area. [6], Second, the governors in Khurasan, Tahirids, were factually independent; then the Saffarids from Sistan freed the eastern lands, but were replaced by independent Samanids, although they showed perfunctory deference to the Caliph. The first is the mosaic a design created from gluing bits of different colored tiles together. Zoroastrianism, while having a small following, is still in practice today and many Iranian festivals still center around the Zoroastrian calendar. Christmas is known in Turkish as Noel, although the majority of the Turks do not celebrate it as such, the idea is not thoroughly an alien one. Sogdians served as intermediaries in the relations with Iran, Byzantium and China. Nizami Ganjavi was a Persian poet in 12th century. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. The Rstem Pasha Mosque, Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Ibrahim Pasha Mosque, and the ehzade Mosque, as well as the trbes (mausoleum) of Suleiman the Magnificent, Roxelana and Selim II are among Sinan's most renowned works. New York: Cambridge University Press, Letter from Gyk Khan to Pope Innocent IV, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turco-Persian_tradition&oldid=1134155080, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 07:22. Parvin Etesami was a Persian poet in 20th century in Iran. The short poems of the Rubaiyat illustrate the pleasures of life while illuminating the nuanced political and religious context in which they were created. The composite Turko-Persian, Turco-Persian[2] or Turco-Iranian tradition (Persian: -) was a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). [22] Turkish cuisine also influenced Greek, Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Balkan and Middle East cuisines and other neighbouring cuisines, as well as western European cuisines. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. The reaction was immediate and polarized: most of the academic establishment and older poets vilified them, while much of the Turkish population embraced them wholeheartedly. History of tile (glazed brick), manufacture and decoration in Iran, goes back to the prehistoric period. However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (16851784) in Eastern Anatolia was going on. The men's national basketball team finished second in Eurobasket 2001; while Efes Pilsen S.K. Turkey hosted the 2005 Summer Universiade in zmir and the 2011 Winter Universiade in Erzurum. It was Persianate in that it was centered on a lettered tradition of Iranian origin and it was Turkic insofar as it was founded by and for . The southeastUrfa, Gaziantep and Adanais famous for its kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava, kadayf and knefe. Another successful Turkish player in the NBA is Hidayet Trkolu, who was given the NBA's Most Improved Player Award for the 20072008 season, on April 28, 2008. Berlinale: Berlin Film Festival reaches climax with awards ceremony. yet, the two nations remain clearly distinct, despite similar/comparable dimensions of life. Socially, the Turco-Persian world was marked by a system of ethnologically defined elite statuses: the rulers and their soldiery were Turkic or Turkic-speaking Mongols; the administrative cadres and literati were Persian. Naim Sleymanolu and Halil Mutlu have achieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics. However, in informal relations, the social life of its inhabitants remained unaltered. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding, and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year. One favorite is Norooz, a celebration of the Iranian New Year taking place on the Spring Equinox. By the latter part of the tenth century, Samanid rulers gave the command of their army to Turkic generals. The Ottoman system was a multi-ethnic state that enabled people within it not to mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire (albeit with a dominant Turkish and Southern European ruling class). The Turkish people, or the Turks, are part of the Turkic ethnic group, and are considered to be the most populous among all the Turkic peoples. [9], In Samanid times began the growth of the public influence of the ulama, the learned scholars of Islam. This trend culminated in the 1932 novel Yaban (The Wilds) by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanolu. A series of radical reforms soon followed, central to these reforms were the belief that Turkish society would have to Westernize itself both politically and culturally in order to modernize. The Shahnameh or The Book of Kings is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi which is the national epic of Great Persia. It was a refined language used for creating poetry and literature, but not one that everyday Turks could understand. Persian poetry is some of the most beautiful poetry in the world and the Persians cultivated four unique types of poetry; the epic, the ghasideh a purpose poem, the masnavi a narrative poem, and the ghazal a lyrical poem. Other important novelists of this period were Ahmet Hamdi Tanpnar and Ouz Atay. Rulers can change a county's culture by ordering their Steward to complete the Promote Culture council task. [3], In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by conquering peoples to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia, Central Asia and the Tarim Basin, and large parts of West Asia. However, from the 1930s, architectural styles started to differ from traditional architecture, also as a result of an increasing number of foreign architects being invited to work in the country, mostly from Germany and Austria. [14] Turkey's top teams include Fenerbahe, Galatasaray and Beikta. [24] The Ottomans developed distinctive styles of arts and letters. The Grand Mosque of Bursa was the first Seljuk mosque to be converted into a domed one. At the same time, a distinct Modern Persian literature came into existence in northeastern Iran, where the house of the Samanids of Bukhara and Samarkand had revived the memory of Sasanian glories. It is evident that these three genres of music interacted. As the Turco-Persian Islamic culture was exported into the wider region of Western and Southern Asia, the transformation became increasingly evident. It consists of the mythical and some historical past of 50 Persian Kings from the creation of the world until the Arab invasion of Iran in the 7th century. Selflessness is noticeable on a day-to-day level. They are stone carvings, brick work, stucco and tile panels. Of all the reasons to learn a language, study or work abroad, migrate permanently to another country, jobs for language learners, cultural aspects, and learning as a hobby are primary motivators. In a first step their background has been analysed. 7, No. [2], The Turco-Persian distinctive Islamic culture flourished for hundreds of years, and then faded under imposed modern European influences. [citation needed], The early stages of Turco-Persian cultural synthesis in the Islamic world are marked by cultural, social and political tensions and competition among Turks, Persians, and Arabs, despite the egalitarianism of Islamic doctrine. They were the core of a movement which became known as the "national literature.". They gave up Persian as the court language, using Turkish instead; a decision that shocked the highly Persianized Mughals in India. Bukhara and Samarkand swelled and formed ethnic and sectarian neighborhoods, most of them surrounded by walls, each with its own markets, caravansaraies, and public squares. The Middle East (Arabic: , ISO 233: ash-Sharq al-Awsat) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (European part of Turkey), Egypt, Iran, the Levant (including Ash-Shm and Cyprus), Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), and the Socotra Archipelago (a . The Ottoman Empire indeed created a vast array of technical specialities. The two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. It is often called the "Seljuk Baroque portal." Poetry is the most dominant form of literature in modern Turkey. Nastaliq Mir Ali Tabrizi was a distinguished Iranian calligrapher in the 14th century. Tiles were used to decorate monuments from early ages in Iran. The west Asian languages, namely Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, are not always the first . The religious authorities of these non-Muslim communities became their spokesmen, just as the ulama were for the Muslim community, they also began overseeing internal communal affairs. Attars poetry inspired Rumi and many other Sufi poets. The most popular sport in Turkey is football. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyyt- Cedde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i t (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Mill Edebiyyt (National Literature) movement. Circular, wavy and curved lines are predominant in the structures of this period. His works have been translated into more than twenty languages. Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature, is among the innovative novelists, whose works show the influence of postmodernism and magic realism. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. She is one of the most famous female poets of Iran. After 1500, the Persian culture developed distinct features of its own, and interposition of strong Shiite culture hampered exchanges with Sunni peoples on Persia's western and eastern frontiers. Beginning with this period, the upper class and the elites in the Ottoman Empire started to use the open and public areas frequently. The origins of the First Turkic Khaganate is associated with Iranian elements. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. Just as the Garip movement was a reaction against earlier poetry, soin the 1950s and afterwardswas there a reaction against the Garip movement. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. Miniature developed into a marriage of artistic and poetic languages and obtained a deep and sincere accordance with poetry. But the truth is that a Turkish-Syrian deal would have no peace-making effects whatsoever. Iran is still renowned as a multi-ethnic nation despite the dominance of Persian culture, and the Ler, Armenian, Azeri, Kurdish, Arab, Balochi, Turkish, and other ethnic groups each have their own unique literary and historical customs that extend back to many centuries. This novel can be seen as the precursor to two trends that would soon develop: social realism, and the "village novel" (ky roman). Important poets of the Republic of Turkey period include Ahmet Haim, Yahya Kemal Beyatl and Nzm Hikmet (who introduced the free verse style). The earliest great poetry in New Persian was written for the Samanid court. Upon the fall of the empire after World War I the Turkish Republic adopted a unitary approach, which leads the different cultures within its borders to mix with each other with the aim of producing a national and cultural identity. In this religion, there is one Lord Wisdom, known as Ahura Mazda. Turkish is a Turkic language belonging to the Altaic language family, whereas Persian is an Indo-Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family. About thirty works by Attar survive, but his masterpiece is the Mantiq at-Tayr (The Conference of the Birds). Stylistically, the early prose of the Republic of Turkey was essentially a continuation of the National Literature movement, with Realism and Naturalism predominating. The Turkish community is often exceptionally generous, attending to those in need very quickly. Explicitly opposing themselves to everything that had gone in poetry before, they sought instead to create a popular art, "to explore the people's tastes, to determine them, and to make them reign supreme over art". International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. Arabic was of course the language of scripture and law, but Persian was the language of poetry and literature. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne was built during the years 156874, when Sinan was in his prime as an architect. [] By the time of the great Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, Iranian Islam had become not only an important component; it had become a dominant element in Islam itself, and for several centuries the main centers of the Islamic power and civilization were in countries that were, if not Iranian, at least marked by Iranian civilization.
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