How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. In comparison, specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a regional level. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. A few months following the eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents responded to and coped with the events. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Worst volcanic eruption in Japan for 90 years. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Effects and long and short term responses of Volcanoes by . As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. 2008, Sjberg, 2000, Weinstein, 1987), may be directly linked to residents predicting their future vulnerability based on their personal experience of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. This extends from the south coast of the island and was imposed because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting potential for pyroclastic activity. Global cooling caused by the ash. The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 That would scare us much more. (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. The This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. hours by the crew of a Coast Guard helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava . and JavaScript. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). or more economically developed countries. Hazard management of the Iceland eruption Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). Long Term. 0.0 / 5. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. However, 14 households were unavailable during the interview and questionnaire dissemination period, which was conducted over 10 days in August 2010. In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. Households in Austur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Soc Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. From a societal viewpoint, the results highlight the need for local authorities to continually engage the local population in risk mitigation strategies and procedures. CAS The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. CAS Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. 6.8 km. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. (background, While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. It is a small community. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. We of course ran to the TV and turned it on and turned on the computers and [motions typing on keyboard] and made phone calls and we had phones calls and then we tried to get more information from the television mostly and the internet and when we didnt get any more information we just went to bed. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. To obtain Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . (A-E). Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. In: Felton A, Reinhart CM (eds) The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century: Part ll June-December 2008. To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. Flashcards. Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. Evacuation went better because of the experience from previous eruption (V-E). The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. The last composite volcano eruption occurred on March 20, 2010. . PubMedGoogle Scholar. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . Responses to the event (international and domestic) - Immediate and long term Eyjafjallajokull is in Iceland, and is an example of a major volcanic eruption. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. With more people engaging in tourism, the police/DCPEM should also be cognisant of the possibility of tour operators feeling obliged to engage in activities that enhance their vulnerability. We got away relatively well from ash fall and the jkulhlaup went only over grazing land and not cultivated land. While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. Bull Volcanol 73:12091227, Bird DK, Jhannesdttir G, Reynisson V, Karlsdttir S, Gudmundsson MT, Gsladttir G (2018) Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull Eruption. Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin C, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, WG. 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