The proportions across ethnic groups have remained relatively stable in the past 5 years. Of the offenders sentenced, 53% were sentenced to immediate custody. Most of the racism in America has been between the whites against the blacks and . Ethnicity 9 2.2 Arrests 9 2.3 Transferred or cancelled records 12 Outcomes 12 2.4 Trends over time 13 2.5 Police Force Areas (PFA) 15 2.6 London 17 Will McMahon and Rebecca Robert A higher custody rate, however, was seen in the Chinese or Other group (36%). The following offence groups will be of particular focus: As noted in the introduction, comparisons across ethnic groups do not account for previous offending history, detailed offence mix and other offender characteristics and that should be considered when interpreting results in this section. Since this previous period, homicides, overall, increased by 17%. The number of stop and searches carried out by police has risen by 24% to almost 700,000 in a single year, with officers using the tactic on the . By ethnicity and socio-economic group. The proportion of White victims decreased by 7 percentage points (pp) since the previous three-year period (2014/15 to 2016/17), with corresponding increases in the proportions of victims from Black (up 3pp), Asian (up 2pp), and Other (up 2pp) ethnic groups. In most instances data are presented in terms of calendar years (up to 2020) and financial years (up to 2019/20), reflecting the reporting cycles and data collection of the agencies contributing information for this publication. During this three-year period, 38% of Black homicide victims were of age 20 or younger; 13% of White, 24% of Asian and 33% of Other ethnicity homicide victims were in this age group. in the year ending March 2020, 13% of people aged 16 and over said they had been the victim of a crime at least once in the last year. Principal suspects in homicides with White victims were most likely to be a friend/acquaintance (29%). Figure 7.05: Proven reoffending rate by ethnicity for adults, annual averages (2014/15 to 2018/19), England and Wales. A small proportional decrease of White offenders was observed, with a decrease of 2 percentage points since 2016. In 2020/21, 21% of all stop and searches (where ethnicity is known) resulted in an outcome that was linked to the reason for the search, i.e. , The Homicide in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk) publication utilises 2016 population estimates to derive homicide rates relative to the population. Principal suspects in homicides with all other ethnicities were most likely to be a stranger (Black 43%, Asian 28%, Other 65%). , See Appendix II for concordance in ethnicity reporting between these sources, More information on Relative Rate Indexes can be found in the technical guide. Since 2015/16 there have been statistically significant decreases in reports of victims of crimes seen in the Black (from 7 to 4%) and Asian (from 4 to 2%) ethnic groups. In Gilroy's view, ethnic minority crime can be seen as a form of political resistance against a racist society, and this resistance . London showed a markedly different pattern than the rest of England and Wales. Billy Gazard, a crime statistician for the ONS, said: "We have outlined our plans for improving crime statistics for England and Wales in our July 2020 progress update. In 2020, of all defendants remanded in custody for indictable offences at Crown Court, 77% were sentenced to immediate custody; an increase from 72% in 2016. Between 2016 and 2020, the proportion of defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court has increased for all ethnic groups and the proportion remanded has remained highest for Chinese or Other, Black and Mixed defendants. This trend has fluctuated across recent years, with the Mixed ethnic group having the highest ACSL in 2019 (at 71.4 months), and the Chinese or Other group having the lowest (at 46.7 months). These proportions have remained relatively stable over the last 5-year period. Sharp and Budd (2005) noted that the 2003 offending, crime and justice survey of 12,000 people found that whites and mixed ethnicity were more . , Senior roles are as follows: CPS - Senior Legal Manager and Senior Civil Servant; MoJ Senior Civil Servant; HMPPS - Senior Civil Servant; Police - Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, and Chief Officers; Judiciary High Court Judges, Heads of Division and Lord Justices of Appeal. A 21% decrease was seen in requirements started under suspended sentence orders. All estimates from the CSEW are for the year ending March 2020 and were therefore minimally affected by lockdown restrictions[footnote 10]. This includes putting more information in the public domain with ethnicity breakdowns, the use of the Relative Rate Indexes[footnote 6] where appropriate and a focus on outcomes for children distinct form the adult population. Similar proportions were seen across ethnic groups, ranging from 72% for Black defendants to 78% for White defendants. The proportion of staff from White backgrounds has decreased between 1 and 2.4 pp across all CJS organisations over the last 5 years, largely driven by increases in the proportion of staff from Asian and Mixed ethnic backgrounds. According to the most recent data available, the crime rate in England and Wales in the year ending March 2022 was 46,077 offenses per 100,000 people, which is 4% higher than the year ending March 2020. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. The Gangs Debate. A fine was the most common outcome for all ethnic groups, except for the Chinese or Other group, where immediate custody was higher. Other sources in this chapter include Criminal Courts Statistics and Legal Aid Statistics. ACSL for possession of weapons offences decreased between 2016 and 2020 for all ethnic groups except Mixed, decreasing the largest for Asian and Black offenders. . This section looks at the proportion of determinate[footnote 50] sentence served[footnote 51]. Black and minority ethnic (BAME) households in the UK are over twice as likely to live in poverty as their white counterparts . These research outputs are not official statistics on the population. , For more information, see Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2020. The arrest rate for all ethnic groups decreased over this period, each within the range of 4 percentage points (pp) in 2020/21 (10 to 14%). The overall ethnicity trends for stop and searches tend to be influenced by stop and searches conducted in London, due to Londons ethnic composition compared with the rest of England and Wales. These data tables, which use the standard National Statistics harmonised ethnicity classification (based on the 2011 Census), are published annually and the latest release is available on the ONS website . Therefore, trends within these broad ethnic groups will be less comparable over a 5-year time series. Asian offenders had a longer ACSL for drug offences compared to all other ethnic groups, which ranged from 31.8 to 39.8 months. , A first-time offender is an offender who has been arrested by the police in England and Wales and has received a first conviction, caution or youth caution for any offence recorded on the Police National Computer. Arrests declined 21% and 22%, respectively, for White and Black adult suspects, a higher rate than other ethnic groups. Across all minority ethnic groups, the most common reason for arrest was violence against the person, followed by drug offences. , Data are self-declared from Home Office, as at March 2021, some small discrepancies may result from revisions of data for previous years compared to figures here. Time spent at court increased in 2020 from previous years for all ethnic groups and offences, due to restrictions in response to COVID-19[footnote 47]. In general, minority ethnic groups appear to be over-represented at many stages throughout the CJS compared with the White ethnic group. Of the 63,100 offenders supervised on post release licence in 2020[footnote 61], the proportions across ethnic groups remained in line with that of the previous 5 years, 76% were White, 11% Black, 7% Asian, 4% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other ethnicities. Data sources to which this applies include Crime Survey for England and Wales. Figure 7.06: Adult reoffending rate by age group and ethnicity, April 2018 to March 2019 offender cohort, England and Wales. This chapter looks at the interaction between ethnicity, sex, age, offending history, and reoffending throughout the Criminal Justice System[footnote 62]. , The custody rate is the proportion of all offenders sentenced to immediate custody, out of all offenders sentenced. Time period: 2013/14 to 2015/16 (3 years combined) Source: In the absence of any court outcome, the principal suspect is either the person considered by the police to be the most involved in the homicide or the person with the closest relationship to the victim. In 2020, 37% of all defendants prosecuted for sexual offences at Crown Court were remanded in custody . This method accounted for 69% of homicides with Black victims, but only 35% of those with White victims. Differences observed may indicate areas worth further investigation but should not be taken as evidence of bias or as direct effects of ethnicity. , Personal crime includes violence, robbery, theft from the person and other theft of personal property excluding fraud and computer misuse. In contrast, fewer Black (15%), Mixed (18%) and Asian (20%) prisoners reported bullying/victimisation from other prisoners, compared to prisoners from White (23%) and Other ethnic groups (24%). The ethnic group question from the 2001 Census. In 2020, Black and Mixed ethnic groups were particularly overrepresented in the proportion of prosecutions for possession of weapons offences, this has remained largely unchanged from 2016. The proportion of White children remanded at Crown Court has been increasing over the last 5 years from 26% in 2016 to 45% in 2020, converging with the proportion of children remanded in custody from minority ethnic groups. Guilty plea rate (GPR) has increased across all ethnic groups across the past 5 years, showing a sharp rise since 2018. In comparison, the proportion of adults from ethnic minority groups sentenced to custody has remained stable at 20% between 2016 and 2020. Overall, 81% of defendants who were remanded in custody at Crown Court for drug offences went on to receive an immediate custodial sentence. , Detailed results of the survey can be found in table 6.06 in the tables document published alongside this report. Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS): Between 2017 and 2021, the proportion of White HMPPS staff (excluding National Probation Service) has decreased, from 92.6% to 90.3%, due to an increase in the proportion of staff from Black (1 pp), Asian and Mixed (0.7 pp) backgrounds[footnote 96]. In 2020, of the defendants prosecuted, 76% were White, 12% were Black, 7% were Asian, 4% were of Mixed ethnicity groups, and 2% were Chinese or Other ethnic groups. 1037 1037 0 1243-206. A decline in custody rate was observed in 2020, likely a result of the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on courts and the prioritisation of non-jury trials . A higher proportion of prosecutions for Black and Mixed ethnic groups were against children, 12% and 14% respectively, compared to 5% for White defendants. Ethnicity facts and figures. Larger proportions of defendants from Black, Asian and Chinese or Other ethnic groups who were remanded in custody were acquitted or not tried (ranging from 13% to 15%) compared with defendants of White and Mixed ethnicities (9% and 10% respectively). The areas of focus include: Victimisation; Police Activity; Defendants and Court Outcomes; Offender Management; Offender Characteristics; Offence Analysis; and Practitioners. The processes by which other revisions will be communicated and published. In 2020, 41% of drug offence prosecutions of Black defendants were for possession of a Class B drug (cannabis). 13.2% of the UK prison population is black compared with their being 2.8% of the over 15 population. When defendants appear in court, they have the right to either speak for themselves, or to be represented and to have someone with legal expertise speak on their behalf. This is the largest decrease in the proportion of White practitioners of all the CJS organisations. , Data from 2019/20 for the Asian (or Asian British) ethnic group includes people who identify as Chinese. In the last 5 years, the numbers of children prosecuted for indictable offences has fallen for all ethnic groups, however, the proportion of children from Black, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups has increased collectively from 33% in 2016 to 39% in 2020. In 2020, Black males accounted for 12% of all male prosecutions and 11% of all male convictions, compared to Black females, accounting for 7% of all female prosecutions and 7% of all female convictions. The most recent figures in this publication show the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on criminal court prosecutions and outcomes following guidance and restrictions since March 2020. You have a 1 in 60.4 chance of being the victim of a violent crime in Cleveland each year. , There is only ever one principal suspect per homicide victim. The relationship between the homicide victim and principal suspect[footnote 19] varied across ethnic groups. The guilty plea rate (GPR) of defendants who were committed for trial at Crown Court increased across all ethnic groups from 2018-2020. The proportion of offender reoffending by age was highest for those aged 18 to 20 for Black, Asian and Other offenders. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. If we look at the FBI statistics for violent crimes we can see that whites committed 241,063 of the 408,873 violent crimes, which is 58% of the total. The Chinese or Other ethnic group had the highest number of defendants remanded in custody, at 62%, whereas the White ethnic group had the lowest number of defendants remanded in custody, at 42%. Where changes to data systems or data quality issues do not allow for this, trends have been presented for the longest periods possible. Although we explore differences between ethnic groups, it is important that inferences are not made about individuals from group-level data as we consider averaged outcomes that do not take into consideration the individual circumstances which differ in each case. This report compares the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program data on incidents of nonfatal violent crime to data from BJS's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to determine if arrest differences by race and ethnicity can be attributed to differences in criminal involvement. In 2020, the custody rate was relatively stable across ethnic groups, between 24 and 26%. In 2020, 70% of the legally aided prison law workload related to White defendants, 11% to Black, 8% to Other, 6% to Mixed and 5% to Asian. ACSL for possession of weapons offences decreased, between 2016 and 2020, for all ethnic groups except Mixed, decreasing the largest for Asian and Black offenders. Within this update we committed to better addressing inequalities in victimisation and highlighting those groups in society that are at most risk of experiencing crime. The arrest rate in England and Wales for white people was nine arrests per 1,000 people in the reporting year 2021/22 while black people . A proven reoffence is defined as any offence committed in a one-year follow-up period that resulted in a court conviction, caution, reprimand or warning in this timeframe, or a further six-month waiting period to allow the offence to be proven in court[footnote 68]. This section looks at the Pre-Sentence Reports (PSRs) received and the agreement (concordance) between recommendations made in PSRs and sentences issued at court, and whether they differ between ethnic groups. This highlights that controlling for offence mix reduces the disparity between ethnic groups. This chapter explores outcomes for defendants[footnote 38] in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) predominantly drawing on indictable offence data from the Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2020 publication. Similarly, a higher proportion of Black young offenders (83%) had been recorded as being suspended, compared to White (79%), Asian (74%) and Other (74%) offenders[footnote 80]. In certain instances, data has been used for years that are not impacted by restrictions but in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is not possible to make any causal links between ethnicity and CJS outcomes. Under the Criminal Justice Act 1991, section 95, the government collects annual statistics based on race and crime. Around 34% of all Black homicide victims were aged between 15 and 20. Controlling for offence mix between ethnic groups also impacted on custody rates. The Ministry of Justice would welcome any feedback on the content, presentation or on any other aspect of this bulletin we can be contacted through: The number of prosecutions for drug offences has decreased by 15% in the past 5 years. Because of this, the statistics presented in this report cannot present the typical experience of a person of a particular ethnic group, but it can highlight areas where further investigation or research may be warranted when looking at differences between ethnic groups. 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