In September 2003, the Bullring shopping complex was opened following a three-year project. And through the city-centre a new thoroughfare was constructed, Corporation Street, which soon became a fashionable shopping street.
The GWR line linked the city with Oxford and London Paddington. This event was not repeated until the 19th century, but established Birmingham as a town of comparable significance to older Warwickshire towns such as Alcester, Coleshill, Stratford-upon-Avon and Tamworth.
This period reached its peak during the mayoralty of Chamberlain, 1873–1876.
John Roebuck's 1746 invention of the lead chamber process first enabled the large-scale manufacture of sulphuric acid,[174] while James Keir pioneered the manufacture of alkali at his plant in Tipton;[175] between them these two developments marked the birth of the modern chemical industry. It was built in 1996 by Veolia.[37]. [63], The de Birmingham family were active in promoting the market, whose tolls would have formed an important part of the income from the manor of Birmingham, by then the most valuable of their estates. The collapse of Birmingham's industrial economy was sudden and catastrophic. [7] However, the incoming Labour government of 1964 sought to control what it saw as a "threatening situation", most notably by extending the Control of Office Employment Act 1965, to the Birmingham conurbation in 1965. Birmingham's industrial importance and contribution to the war effort may have been decisive in winning the war. The regeneration of the city during the 1990s and 2000s also saw many residential areas of the city substantially altered. During the 10th century Edward the Elder of Wessex reorganised western Mercia for defensive purposes into shires based around the fortified burhs established by his sister Æthelflæd. [165] The intellectual climate of 18th century Birmingham was therefore unusually conducive to the transfer of knowledge from the pure sciences to the technology and processes of manufacturing, and the feeding back of the results of this to create a "chain reaction of innovation". Birmingham became a county borough and a city in 1889. [46] By the time Peter's son William de Birmingham sought confirmation of the market's status from Richard I twenty three years later, its location was no longer "his castle at Birmingham", but "the town of Birmingham". With major facilities such as the International Convention Centre, the National Exhibition Centre and the Symphony Hall the Birmingham area accounts for 42% of the UK conference and exhibition trade. Horse-drawn trams ran through Birmingham from 1873, and electric trams from 1890.[37]. [275] A city that for most of its history had a reputation for weak trade unionism and strong cooperation between workers and management, developed a reputation for trade union militancy and industrial conflict.
The new Birmingham constituency was created with two MPs representing it. [271], Birmingham's economy flourished in the 30 years that followed the end of the Second World War, its economic vitality and affluence far outstripping Britain's other major provincial cities. [119], Although the leather and textile trades were still major features of the Birmingham economy in the early 16th century,[120] the increasing importance of the manufacture of iron goods, as well as the interdependence between the manufacturers of Birmingham and the raw materials of the area that later became known as the Black Country, were recognised by the antiquary John Leland when he travelled through in 1538, providing the town's earliest surviving eyewitness description.[121]. The First World War exacted a terrible human cost in Birmingham. [312], West Midlands Police had two serious firearms incidents, in 1980 and 1985. Other parts or Birmingham are quite similar in this way, as people seem to have lived there for millennia . [131] Birmingham's economic flexibility was already apparent at this early stage: workers and premises often changed trades or practiced more than one,[106] and the presence of a wide range of skilled manufacturers in the absence of restrictive trade guilds encouraged the development of entirely new industries.
[132] The range of goods produced in late-17th century Birmingham, and its international reputation, were illustrated by the French traveller Maximilien Misson who visited Milan in 1690, finding "fine works of rock crystal, swords, heads of canes, snuff boxes, and other fine works of steel", before remarking "but they can be had better and cheaper at Birmingham".
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