Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. [562], Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed. [522], Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. ", Iliev, Iv. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. , ", "Article 16. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. While /ts, k, , x/ do have true palatalized allophones [ts, k, , x], only /k/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive. Orthographic, current language, several editions, Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. [167] The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social servicesthe birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed,[168][169] and millions plunged into poverty;[170] while extreme corruption,[171] as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly. [57][58][needs update], In Lithuania, Russian has no official or any legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [139]:27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million,[140] accounting for about half of all World WarII casualties. [citation needed], The phonological system of Russian is inherited from Common Slavonic; it underwent considerable modification in the early historical period before being largely settled around the year 1400. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization in the 1930s, and later played a decisive role for the Allies of World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. [31] Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. [384] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers. [523] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. [506] The large global Russian diaspora has also played a major role in spreading Russian culture throughout the world. [405] George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally [44] Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate,[52] and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia. [61], In Moldova, Russian is considered to be the language of inter-ethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. , ). Russia also takes a leading role in organisations such as the CIS,[265] the EAEU,[266] the CSTO,[267] the SCO,[268] and BRICS. [312] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[313] business,[314] public administration,[315] law enforcement,[316] healthcare,[317][318] education,[319] and the military. Russian fauna is composed of 320 species of mammals, over 732 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of amphibians, 343 species of freshwater fish (high endemism), approximately 1,500 species of saltwater fishes, 9 species of cyclostomata, and approximately 100150,000 invertebrates (high endemism). Commonly named after their administrative centres. [72], Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. . . Weekly 251 252 19 20 2006. [473] It grants free education to its citizens by constitution. [426], Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. [231] About half of Russia's territory is forested,[7] and it has the world's largest area of forest,[232] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. [102], An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called Soviets. It is one of four living East Slavic languages,[h] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. [632][633] The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps, including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule;[118] and millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. [88] AlexanderI controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe. [492] Smoking is another health issue in the country. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. [590] Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. [114] Leon Trotsky, the main proponent of world revolution, was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929,[115] and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One Country became the official line. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. [423], Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[424] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. [593], Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation; and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. [289] Russia possesses the second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines,[290] and is one of the only three countries operating strategic bombers. The Federal Assembly | The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 7. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains. [66] However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united PolishLithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and DenmarkNorway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. [84] The morphology features a palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). [375], Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force. [citation needed], During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. [600] Beef Stroganoff,[601]:266 Chicken Kiev,[601]:320 pelmeni,[602] and shashlyk are popular meat dishes. [145] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[146] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[147] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO. [51] 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [273][274], In the 21st century Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable leveling has occurred. [99][102][103][104] In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey,[66] fluency in Russian remains fairly high (2040%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian[further explanation needed] (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria). [521] Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. [citation needed], In terms of actual grammar, there are three tenses in Russian past, present, and future and each verb has two aspects (perfective and imperfective). [398] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning. [533] Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. [44] This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky (18731935), who toward the end of his life wrote: Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. [467][468] Some religious minorities have faced oppression and some have been banned in the country;[469] notably, in 2017 the Jehovah's Witnesses were outlawed in Russia, facing persecution ever since, after having been declared an "extremist" and "nontraditional" faith. [540] In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend. Text taken from Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency. [163] On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged. [143], After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. [159], By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." A new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. [276][277] Relations between Russia and China have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically; due to shared political interests. The annual celebration of women has become so popular, especially among Russian men, that Moscow's flower vendors often see profits of "15 times" more than other holidays. [612] Tea has been popular in Russia for centuries. [376] The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland. For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. [78], The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. 2 mins. [237] Russia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally. [337][338] It relies heavily on revenues from oil and gas-related taxes and export tariffs, which accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022,[339] and up to 60% of its exports in 2019. [344][345], After over a decade of post-Soviet rapid economic growth, backed by high oil-prices and a surge in foreign exchange reserves and investment,[185] Russia's economy was damaged following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, due to the first wave of Western sanctions being imposed. [622] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. [51] Among 12%[53] of the population who grew up in the Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language", The Republics of Artsakh, and Transnistria are only recognized by other, Context and the Lexicon in the Development of Russian Aspect, By Neil Bermel, p 16. Russian (Russian: , romanized:russkiy yazyk, Russian:[ruskj jzk]) is an East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. [569] Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. [527], In the 1860s, a group of critical realists (Peredvizhniki), led by Ivan Kramskoy, Ilya Repin and Vasiliy Perov broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. [626] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian cinema industry suffered large losseshowever, since the late 2000s, it has seen growth once again, and continues to expand. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar and vocabulary the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. [416] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. ", International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Russian Arms Sales and Defense Industry", "Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message", "In Russia's Election, Putin's Opponents Are Seeing Double", "In Shadow of Navalny Case, What's Left of the Russian Opposition? [44] The age of feudalism and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [429], Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[7] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. [419] Russia had 172 active satellites in space in April 2022, the world's third-highest. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [420], According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [383] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish. [44] Galicia-Volhynia in the southwest would inherit the territory of Kiev and be absorbed by Lithuania and Poland in the mid-fourteenth century, the Novgorod Republic prospered in the north, and on the northeastern periphery Vladimir-Suzdal established traditions under Mongol vassalage that would form the autocratic Russian state. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) and mayonnaise are often added to soups and salads. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [532], The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the church architecture of Kievan Rus'. [citation needed], In Armenia, Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. This article incorporates text from a free content work. The Russian perspective. [citation needed], Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations", "Vote Backs Gorbachev but Not Convincingly: Soviet Union: His plan to preserve federal unity is supportedbut so is Yeltsin's for a Russian presidency", "The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened", "A Normal Country: Russia After Communism", "The rise of Russia's oligarchs and their bid for legitimacy", "Russia's 1993 crisis still shaping Kremlin politics, 25 years on", "Who Was Who? [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. ", "Russia's Natural Resources Make Up 60% of GDP", "Russian finances strong but economic problems persist", "Economic Sanctions on Russia and Their Effects", "Over 300 Companies Have Withdrawn from Russia But Some Remain", "Russia Is Now the World's Most-Sanctioned Nation", "Western sanctions are wounding but not yet crushing Russia's economy", "I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. [232][233], Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of vascular plants, 2,200 species of bryophytes, about 3,000 species of lichens, 7,0009,000 species of algae, and 20,00025,000 species of fungi. [400], Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. )[citation needed]. Stress, which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically,[33] though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. [272] Russia wields influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard". [citation needed], The political reforms of Peter the Great ( , Pytr Velky) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. [254] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects. [566], The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. [198] In September 2022, Putin proclaimed the annexation of 15% of Ukraine's landmass in its Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia regions, the largest seizure attempted in Europe since World WarII. 6 January], 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. [71] The Romanov dynasty acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis. [12] Russia is the most populous country in Europe, and the world's ninth most populous country, with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile). [44], The inhabitants of Rus' regional centres would later evolve into modern nationalities: Belarusians in the northwest, Russians in the north and northeast, and Ukrainians in the southeast and southwest. [460][461] Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and is the traditional religion among the majority of the peoples of the North Caucasus, and among some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region. [102] In early 1917, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and later executed in Yekaterinburg during the Russian Civil War. [142] However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower. [611] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. [44] By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities. [ 521 ] Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday successive influences! 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