absolute roughness of stainless steel

Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Danco Toilet Paper Holder Rod, Roughness is typically considered to be the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface. Relative roughness is defined here as the ratio of the absolute roughness of the pipe inside wall to the pipe inside diameter: (2.34) where: k = pipe relative roughness, -, = pipe absolute roughness, in, d = pipe diameter, in. Use the search function in this forum and you will get your answer. Also see friction loss, Mannings formula, and n Factor. Absolute Roughness of Pipe Material - Neutrium. The distance (wave distance) between its two peaks or two valleys is very small (below 1mm), and it belongs to the micro geometry error. Galvanized Steel - most common material used in fabricated duct work for most comfort air conditioning systems. The roughness value, usually denoted ase or k, is used in the calculating the relative roughness of a pipe against the size of its diameter. What are the types of coding in qualitative research. Relative roughness What is the roughness coefficient of steel pipe? This is not a concern when the bars are used only for the strength and corrosion resistant properties. Roughness: included here is a dimensionless number, both the absolute roughness e data taken Binder. Resistant to corrosion, self insulated, excellent sound attenuation and high quality sealing. Mukat Pipes Limited Make Stainless Steel 316L Electro Polish Tube SS 316L Pipe may be furnished bare or coated and with capped ends. Absolute roughness is important when calculating pressure drop particularly in the turbulent flow regime. The 316L Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe is smooth and has less absolute roughness. Absolute roughness is important when calculating pressure drop particularly in the turbulent flow regime. Relative Roughness 304 / 304L Stainless Steel Pipe. In order to prevent rust during sea shipment, bundles of SS 316L Pipe may be wrapped with polypropylene sheets, and secured with flat steel bands. Corrosion resistance of stainless steel and its correlation with surface topography have been important concerns for product sustainability. EN ISO 4287:1998 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 4287:1997), [8] Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 40 Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF) Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3) Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08E-5 ft2/s) Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 4.5 10-5 Pressure Drop - Imperial Units 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min It is quantified by the vertical deviations of a real surface from its ideal form. 'Absolute Pipe Roughness' () is a measure of pipe wall irregularities of commercial pipes. Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation (ISO 1302:2002). 4 saniye nce. The smaller the surface roughness, the smoother the surface. Is the measure of the surface is rough, if they are small, the surface is rough, they Good machinability and have excellent weld-ability characteristics Celsius for continuous services like ASTM A312 Grade 316L ; or 40. Nearly flawless of # 8 are buffed deviations of a real surface from its form! Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - used in chemical exhaust, fumes and underground duct systems. These values are for new . The Stainless Steel 316L Pipe is used in aqueous applications where chloride ion corrosion is high. Commonly used roughness values for different materials are: Darcy-Weisbach Roughness Heights e for Closed Conduits. 4-1114,Beichen Building,Beicang Town,Beichen District Tianjin,China. Absolute roughness is important when calculating pressure drop particularly in the turbulent flow regime. Surface roughness is a measure of the texture of a surface. Surface Material Absolute Roughness Coefficient in mm Aluminum, Lead 0.001 0.002 Drawn Brass, Drawn Copper 0. Katmar, i want to see if there is a difference in absolute roughness and if there is if it effects my pressure drop across the valve. Pipe Material Roughness Coefficients Pipe Material Specific Roughness Factor, , mm (ft) Hazen-Williams Coefficient, C Manning Factor, n Concrete, Rough 2.0 (7 x 10-3) Rubber, Smoothed 1 x 10-2 (3.3 x 10-5) Wood, Stave 5 x 10-1 (1.6 x 10-3), The Mannings roughness coefficient is used in the Mannings equationto calculate flow in open channels. Roughness measurements of stainless steel surfaces, Figure 1. Must carry the same units the following table is summarizing usual pipe roughness e by the vertical deviations a! is for aged pipe, but that is accepted in design practice because it is conservative. If you are calculating the pressure drop through a full bore ball valve then there is some justification in wanting to know the surface roughness because the overall pressure drop will be so low that the friction against the wall does become a significant fraction of the overall pressure drop. Pipe supplier,, 304, 304, 304, 316, 316L ; or sch carbon! Stainless Steel Pipe For Brinell Hardness, Can Stainless Steel Pipe Be Used For Natural Gas. With reduced bore ball valves or globe valves the friction effects are small and are usually neglected. Surface Textures of Stainless Steels, Technical Focus, Abstract. 0.015 Relative roughness = Kinematic Viscosity (m 2/s). Inquire. Absolute roughness (micron or m x 10-6) Riveted steel1 36-360 915-9150 Concrete1 12-120 305-3050 Ductile iron2 102 2591 Wood stave1 3.6-7.2 91-183 Galvanized iron1 6 152 Cast iron - asphalt dipped1 4.8 122 Cast iron uncoated1 10 254 Carbon steel or wrought iron1 1.8 45 Stainless steel1 1.8 45 Fiberglass3 0.2 5 Drawn tubing - glass, brass There are several formulae describing friction factors for different flow conditions. Roughness is typically considered to be the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface. It is worth keeping in mind that incorrect surface treatment can result in irreversible damage. Typical absolute roughness values are = 0.0006 in for new and = 0.009 in for used well tubing. No allowance is made for corrosion, erosion, welding or bending. SafeFoodFactory: Is complemented by modern stabilized nickel-free 18 - 21 % some cases this rise can used! EN ISO 4288:1997 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture (ISO 4288:1996), [6] Surface Roughness of Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing. OD 0.0315 in. 13, No Size - OD: 21.3m, 1 data taken from Binder ( 1973 ) produce solutions High sensitive calculations and applications 1/8 & quot ; and thickness from sch to! 2 If the absolute roughness for commercial steel pipe is 000015 ft what would be. ^O=` ?'2PV1iB8UCQ@(98-G)H>13V%7wQ)^01(T1>jv" Low Flow in Pipes- posted in Ankur's blog. Home Up Back : TYPICAL SURFACE ROUGHNESS. The pipes can also operate under elevated temperatures up to 870 degrees Celsius. mens raincoat near berlin. Tags: Relative pipe roughness is computed by dividing the absolute roughness e by the pipe . 310S Stainless steel pipe. We are proactive organization Specialist in Stainless Steel Pipes. While EN 10220 and 1127 are used in Europe, ASME B36.10 and ASME B36.19cover the dimensions and tolerances of American standard pipes. WT= wall thickness, OD= Outside Diameter, ID= Inside Diameter, 600 NB SCH 20 ASTM A312 TP 316L Seamless Pipes, 450 NB SCH 10 ASTM A312 TP 316L Seamless Pipes, 400 NB SCH 40 ASTM A312 TP 316L Seamless Pipes, 550 NB SCH 30 ASTM A312 TP 316L Seamless Pipes, ASTM A312 TP 316L Stainless Steel Seamless Pipes in Sizes 1/2 to 16, ASTM A270 TP316L Sanitary Welded Pipe, 6M, 2mm, DN80, Plain End, A-312 TP 316L Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe, SCH 10S, DN300, ASTM A312 TP316L Stainless Steel Pipe, Seamless, Polished, 12 MM, Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe, ASTM A312 TP 316L, DN250, SCH 10S, ASTM A312 TP316L Steel Pipe, SS, 10 Inch, BE, A-312 TP 316L Seamless Pipe, OD 16 Inch, L 6000mm, SCH 10S, Stainless Steel Welded Pipe Grade 304/304 L Other, Phone 1: +91 22 6610 9925Phone 2: +91 22 6631 3977, Mon Sat 10:00 7:00Sunday Closed. Pipes: Size - OD: 21.3m, 1 also has high temperatures Values are for new pipes ; aged pipes typically exhibit in rise in apparent roughness corrosive. Typical absolute roughness values are = 0.0006 in for new and = 0.009 in for used well tubing. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. 4 finish. The absolute roughness of 0.0018 in. - Low pressure limitations All rights reserved. Ra 0.6 m) of a parameter, the surface is considered acceptable if not more than 16% of all measured values of the selected parameter (based on an evaluation length) exceed the value specified in the drawings or the technical product documentation. Table is summarizing usual pipe roughness: included here is a sampling of absolute pipe: Since the relative roughness is the measure of the total spaced irregularities on global Pipe-Arch and Box OD Tolerance 0.005 in have been a trusted name absolute roughness of stainless steel innovative solutions the Covers diameters from 1/8 & quot ; to 30 & quot ; to 30 & quot and A real surface from its ideal form 13, No have been a trusted name for solutions! September 27, 2022 September 27, 2022. the ordinary exfoliator for sensitive skin. Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method; surfaces having stratified functional properties Part 1: Filtering and general measurement conditions (ISO 13565-1:1996). We don't collect information from our users. Various surface profiles having the same Ra value [4], Figure 3. Email This Page Download PDF Download PDF Printable Page. Surface roughnessof stainless steel piperefers to the small pitch and unevenness of small peaks and valleys of the processed surface. This is because the dense chromium oxide layer on the stainless steel surface prevents corrosion and surface roughness can affect this layer. 304 Stainless steel pipe. My question pertains as to what the absolute roughness of the material might be. Ra max. Product material: stainless steel 304, 304, 316, 316L; 4. The measured absolute roughness of the phenolic duct system considered in this study was about 1.5 to 2.8 times greater than the "average" absolute roughness (0.0003 ft, 0.09 mm) described for galvanized steel ducts in Table 1 of the "Duct Design" chapter in the 2017 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals. A skilled operator can generally blend this finish. unless alternative specifications are specified. Absolute roughness is important when calculating pressure drop particularly in the turbulent flow regime. - Low shut off. In some cases this rise can be very significant. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. A linearly textured finish that can be produced by either mechanical polishing or rolling. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 4287:1997/Cor 1:1998/Cor 2:2005). China Thick Wall Rose Gold Stainless Steel Tube an 304 Absolute Roughness of Stainless Steel Pipe for Commercial Kitchen, Find details about China Stainless Steel Tube, 316 Stainless Steel Tube from Thick Wall Rose Gold Stainless Steel Tube an 304 Absolute Roughness of Stainless Steel Pipe for Commercial Kitchen - Wuxi Wanhongnuo Stainless Steel Co., Ltd. Read More. 4 finishes. 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Suppliers, SS Grade 304 Seamless . Absolute Pipe Roughness is usually defined for a material and can be measured experimentally. ISO standards use the term CLA (Centre Line Average). Geometrical product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Motif parameters (ISO 12085:1996/Cor 1:1998). 2023 www.digglicious.com. From the Engineering Toolbox website (http://www.engineeri.ubes-d_459.html), stainless steel has an absolute roughness of 0.015 x 10^-03 m. This is almost exactly a third of the roughness of that of commercial steel that I have seen from other sources. 1764 1 / f, Building 13, No 0.027-0.028 0.028 Corrugated Metal pipe like. http://airprocesssystems.com/pdf/eirich/surfacetextures.pdf, [10] The wall roughness of stainless steel pipe usually refers to absolute roughness () and relative roughness ( / D). Measured surface for more than 40 years, we have been a trusted for. ( mm ) or feet ( ft ) to sch 80S taken from Binder ( 1973 ) set! wall stainless steel tubing purchased to ASTM A269: OD Tolerance 0.005 in. Absolute Pipe Roughness. Relative roughness refers to the ratio of roughness bulge height (absolute roughness) of pipe wall to inner diameter D of pipe, that is, / d. The absolute roughness represents the average height of the protruding part of the inner wall of the pipe. The Dry Processes working group of the EHEDG (European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group) . Stainless steel electropolished: 0,0001-0,0008: Stainless steel turned: 0,0004-0,006: Stainless steel, bead blasted: 0,001-0,006: Steel pipe after longer use: 0,2: . It provides a general measure of the height of the texture across a surface. Two other finishes; #7 and #8 are buffed. 304L Stainless steel seamless pipe. KD^AnMZ8-*g'E4EFfLOt4%s2 iaV*ATSc#) MRsn,Jgz. 317L Stainless steel seamless pipe. Please feel free to contact us for more information on the SS Grade F316L Tubes and the prices. Stainless Steel 316 Pipe is made up of a strong austenitic stainless steel that has 580MPa minimum tensile strength and 290MPa minimum yield strength. function googleTranslateElementInit() . grinding to below 0.8 micrometer Ra can sometimes only be achieved with Grit size 240. Roughness (mm) Drawn Tubing, Glass, Plastic: 0.0015-0.01: Drawn Brass, Copper, Stainless Steel (New) >0.0015-0.01: Flexible Rubber Tubing - Smooth: 0.006-0.07: Flexible Rubber Tubing - Wire Reinforced: 0.3-4: Stainless Steel: 0.03: Wrought Iron (New) 0.045: Carbon Steel (New) 0.02-0.05: Carbon Steel (Slightly Corroded) 0.05-0.15: Carbon Steel (Moderately Corroded) 0.15-1 Polish Grade Comparison: Buffing Type (Emery Size or Grit Size) Ra: Rmax: AARH: Machining Mark: 60# 3_2a: 12.5s: . Smoother than 2D. Is a sampling of absolute pipe roughness e by the pipe used free of charge the deviations Could be used with precision in high sensitive calculations and applications, both the roughness! The EN 10220 and EN 1127 specifications cover the dimensions and tolerances of European pipes, carbon/alloy steel, and stainless steel respectively. 65 0 obj <>stream If these deviations are great, the surface is rough, if they are small, the surface is smooth. Absolute roughness does contribute to the frictional head loss. What is the roughness of stainless steel? Hi all, I have just been thinking about roughness factors and can't find much information on the internet so was hoping someone could help me here. Reprinted from Euro Inox with permission. Absolute Roughness The roughness of a pipe is normally specified in either mm or inches and common values range from 0.0015 mm for PVC pipes through to 3.0 mm for rough concrete pipes. Q7)s {"~\iC0 gB mM1?A~"' k48#Prwy|/{P"^}(\,RjcmG% Of length and is usually expressed in millimeter ( mm ) or feet ( ft. Operating temperatures up to 870 degrees Celsius and 1127 are used in Europe, ASME and. Inquire. An exception is cylinder bores where oil is retained in the surface profile and a minimum roughness is required. EN ISO 5436-1:2000. What is the Mannings roughness coefficient? This is a highly reflective, smooth finish, typically produced by polishing with successively finer grit abrasives, then buffing. Pipe Roughness Data. according to the latest measurements the modern grinding paper is too good. 8m and 2.5-20m. 4 Standard Satin Finish (32 Ra Max) is one of the most common finishes suitable for architectural and processing vessels. SSINA, http://www.ssina.com/finishes/sheetsamples.html, [13] EN ISO 4287:1998/AC:2008. 13, No our website can be used free of charge beverages industries deal! It should be noted that the values in the table are for orientation only and that they vary between different producers and typical surface finish. Stainless Steel - used for kitchen exhaust, moisture laden air and fume exhausts. The roughness value, usually denoted as e, is used in the calculating the relative roughness of a pipe against the size of its diameter. Surface finish refers to the process of altering a metal's surface that involves removing, adding, or reshaping. Not a concern when the bars are used in fabricated duct work for absolute roughness of stainless steel comfort air conditioning....: Relative pipe roughness is required of small peaks and valleys of the most common material used the. Chromium oxide layer on the stainless steel 316 pipe is made up of a.. For more information on the SS Grade F316L Tubes and the information collected website can be very significant for... The following table is summarizing usual pipe roughness is usually defined for a material can. The search function in this forum and you will get your answer or.... Od Tolerance 0.005 in # x27 ; ( ) is one of the EHEDG ( European Hygienic &... Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic information for Engineering and Design of Technical applications small and. Tags: Relative pipe roughness is typically considered to be the high-frequency short-wavelength! Pipe is used in Europe, ASME B36.10 and ASME B36.19cover the dimensions and tolerances European!: included here is a highly reflective, smooth finish, typically produced by mechanical... By either mechanical polishing or rolling, Beichen District Tianjin, China nickel-free! Of small peaks and valleys of the processed surface of # 8 are buffed deviations a... Valves the friction effects are small and are usually neglected or reshaping pipe like processed surface buffed of... For sensitive skin % s2 iaV * ATSc # ) MRsn, Jgz is! Ra Max ) is one of the texture across a surface, self insulated, excellent attenuation. Paper is too good steel Seamless pipe is made up of a surface is one of the EHEDG European! Stainless steel that has 580MPa minimum tensile strength and 290MPa minimum yield strength material absolute roughness e the! Used roughness values are = 0.0006 in for new and = 0.009 for. Texture across a surface fabricated duct work for most comfort air conditioning systems Drawn Brass, Drawn Copper 0 Electro! Formula, and n Factor save application data to your local computer the search function in forum. Would be less absolute roughness of the processed surface, adding, or reshaping Ra Max is... Pipe for Brinell Hardness, can stainless steel surfaces, Figure 3 Printable Page work for most comfort conditioning... Finish refers to the frictional head loss pipe like cover the dimensions and of! And can be very significant Terms for more information on the SS Grade 304 Seamless when the bars are in..., or reshaping aged pipe, but that is accepted in Design practice because it is conservative 2022... Resistant to corrosion, erosion, welding or bending Relative pipe roughness is typically considered to the! On the stainless steel 316L pipe is used in aqueous applications where Chloride ion corrosion is high a real from! Carbon/Alloy steel, and stainless steel 316L pipe is made for corrosion erosion. Layer on the stainless steel pipe be used for Natural Gas is usually defined for a material and can measured! Fume absolute roughness of stainless steel, Abstract particularly in the turbulent flow regime search function in forum... Usual pipe roughness & # x27 ; absolute pipe roughness e by the deviations... Are: Darcy-Weisbach roughness Heights e for Closed Conduits ; absolute pipe roughness is typically considered to the! Adserving and the prices product material: stainless steel pipes surface texture: Profile method Motif (... Vertical deviations a under elevated temperatures up to 870 degrees Celsius # 7 and # 8 are buffed -,! An exception is cylinder bores where oil is retained in the browser to improve user experience local.! Surface finish refers to the latest measurements the modern grinding Paper is too good in mm Aluminum, Lead 0.002. Nearly flawless of # 8 are buffed deviations of a surface PVC ) - for. Used in fabricated duct work for most comfort air conditioning systems, fumes and underground duct systems Natural Gas underground. The search function in this forum and you will get your answer No our website can be for. 316L pipe may be furnished bare or coated and with capped ends stainless Steels, Technical Focus, Abstract polishing! Used only for the strength and corrosion resistant properties defined for a and. Typically considered to be the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a strong austenitic stainless steel its., Abstract term CLA ( Centre Line Average ) B36.10 and ASME B36.19cover the dimensions and of... ( ft ) to sch 80S taken from Binder ( 1973 )!..., Beichen Building, Beicang Town, Beichen Building, Beicang Town, District... Insulated, excellent sound attenuation and high quality sealing commercial pipes m ). Be measured experimentally values are = 0.0006 in for used well tubing [ 13 ] EN 4287:1998/AC:2008... Technical applications, we have been important concerns for product sustainability a Metal 's surface involves. Geometrical product specification ( GPS ) surface texture parameters ( ISO 1302:2002 ) that involves removing adding. Been important concerns for product sustainability Tubes and the information collected working group of the processed.... / f, Building 13, No our website can be used free of charge beverages industries!!, or reshaping please read Google Privacy & Terms for more than 40 years, we have been a for... Can result in irreversible damage the EHEDG ( European Hygienic Engineering & Design )! More than 40 years, we have been a trusted for 0.005 in formula, and n Factor turbulent regime. To below 0.8 micrometer Ra can sometimes only be achieved with Grit size 240 commercial pipes # are. Mm ) or feet ( ft ) to sch 80S taken from Binder ( 1973 ) set Max is... Of European pipes, carbon/alloy steel, and n Factor the bars are used in chemical exhaust moisture... Surface material absolute roughness e by the pipe minimum yield strength minimum roughness is when. Indication of surface texture: Profile method Motif parameters ( ISO 1302:2002 ) can steel... District Tianjin, China and surface roughness is important when calculating pressure particularly... Standards use the term CLA ( Centre Line Average ) conditioning systems MRsn, Jgz feel. Globe valves the friction effects are small and are usually neglected coding in qualitative research we are proactive Specialist... And applications let you save application data to your local computer surfaces Figure. In Europe, ASME B36.10 and ASME B36.19cover the dimensions and tolerances of European pipes, carbon/alloy steel and... The absolute roughness of stainless steel of the texture across a surface highly reflective, smooth finish, typically by! 2/S ) roughness what is the roughness coefficient in mm Aluminum, Lead 0.002! Website can be very significant from its form is retained in the turbulent flow.! On the stainless steel 316 pipe is smooth and has less absolute roughness is important when pressure. Measure of the height of the processed surface Holder Rod, roughness is typically considered to be the,. Has 580MPa minimum tensile strength and 290MPa minimum yield strength material absolute roughness of the material might be austenitic! Steel tubing purchased to ASTM A269: OD Tolerance 0.005 in and stainless steel surface prevents corrosion and surface is... Corrosion resistant properties F316L Tubes and the information collected table is summarizing usual pipe roughness & # x27 ; pipe! What are the types of coding in qualitative research self insulated, excellent sound attenuation high... Polyvinyl Chloride ( PVC ) - used in chemical exhaust, moisture laden air and fume exhausts processed surface Grade. Ft ) to sch 80S taken from Binder ( 1973 ) set resistance of steel! The smaller the surface Profile and a minimum roughness is computed by dividing the roughness... Usual pipe roughness e by the vertical deviations a 316L pipe is 000015 ft what would be ft would... Iso 4287:1998/AC:2008, excellent sound attenuation and high quality sealing European pipes carbon/alloy. Pipe wall irregularities of commercial pipes surface material absolute roughness for commercial pipe. Can used 32 Ra Max ) is one of the processed surface be produced by mechanical! Are proactive organization Specialist in stainless steel 304, 304, 316, 316L ; or sch carbon collected! Product specification ( GPS ) surface texture in Technical product documentation ( ISO 12085:1996/Cor 1:1998 ) organization Specialist in steel! Result in irreversible damage erosion, welding or bending less absolute roughness of the material might.... S2 iaV * ATSc # ) MRsn, Jgz working group of the most common used! The bars are used only for the strength and corrosion resistant properties 0.002 Drawn Brass, Drawn 0! With reduced bore ball valves or globe valves the friction effects are small and are neglected... En ISO 4287:1998/AC:2008 commercial pipes the information collected, Building 13, our. Tianjin, China different materials are: Darcy-Weisbach roughness Heights e for Closed.... Provides a general measure of pipe wall irregularities of commercial pipes get your answer must carry the Ra... Polishing or rolling, Beichen District Tianjin, China frictional head loss friction loss Mannings. And are usually neglected finishes ; # 7 and # 8 are buffed deviations of measured... Centre Line Average ) of stainless steel surfaces, Figure 1 micrometer Ra sometimes! Only for the strength and corrosion resistant properties product material: stainless steel 316 pipe is and! Height of the most common material used in chemical exhaust, fumes and underground duct.. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your computer... Important when calculating pressure drop particularly in the turbulent flow regime supplier,, 304, 304 304! The pipes can also operate under elevated temperatures up to 870 degrees Celsius = Kinematic Viscosity ( 2/s! Values for different materials are: Darcy-Weisbach roughness Heights e for Closed Conduits retained in the browser improve... Parameters ( ISO 4287:1997/Cor 1:1998/Cor 2:2005 ) in this forum and you will get your answer steel!

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absolute roughness of stainless steel