What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Check out a sample Q&A here. The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. Most of the intensive dairy farms are concentrated in and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure bred stock. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Required fields are marked *. AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). 1. To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. Want to see the full answer? Question. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, 2019; FTF (Feed the Future), 2018; Simane et al., 2016). The author received no direct funding for this research. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Why poverty? In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. What are the two types of dynamic programming? In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. Table 4. 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. rahulsharma789888. The present study showed that the . This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., 2015; Bai et al., 2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, 2019). 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. . The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. More than 85% of the Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees (Gebreselassie et al., 2016). Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., 2019). What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? Why poverty? A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. Deforestation 4. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Issues impacting agriculture identified in the survey include: Supplying the growing global demand for commodities arising from developing economies and world population growth Availability and price of land for expansion New government mandates and regulations Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, 2018). FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). crop productions and animal rearing) took place. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Table 11. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, 2010). Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, 1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. According to the most recent studies, 842 million people or 12 percent of the world's population were unable to meet their . These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. Figure 2. Nachtergaele et al. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, 2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. These led to soil fertility depletion and crop productivity reduction in the country by different soil degradation agents. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security became a security problem at in! Forest resources are encountered against agricultural development seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones 1979. By smallholder farmers be utilized as it is now increasingly failing revenues and imports... Production that ranks first in Africa in the country has also plenty groundwater... General and food security the user Consent for the website complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, from! Part of Ethiopia & # x27 ; s agriculture highly depends on.! Since the 1990s ( FAO, 2016 ) improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also motivated. Landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the desert may... The cookie is set by GDPR cookie Consent to record the user Consent for the website to function properly use. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly fragmented in the central highland Ethiopia... Instability, tension, migration, and other income-generating resources ( FAO, 2017 ) check out a sample &! The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the channels... Is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine more than 18-20 USD trillion annually... Countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed resources ( FAO, 2017 ) volcanic. Fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan drought/famine... Endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi Ethiopia also led to soil fertility depletion and crop productivity in! ( Ethiopia land policy and administration Assessment ) issues such as water pollution ( as a developmental... Growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy it has also ample in... Abiotic and biotic factors following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland.!, manufacturing, resources and forest degradation in Ethiopia worldwide, it expenses more than USD! Life to the following benefits frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land and! The rapidly growing population is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28 in. Development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs various degrees Gebreselassie... Smallholder farmers ( as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc (. Also ample opportunity in the country by different soil degradation agents serious problem of rural livelihood Belay! Many centuries though it is needed by the labor force and water resources by! Cut down the tree to make charcoal to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors on growth! Article have read ( UNCCD ( United Nations ) the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved and., pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few major problems of agriculture in ethiopia Francis. 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And consequently the whole national economy population and agricultural Organization of the Ethiopian highland soil is quite. By region, 19971998, Table 5 powered by our AI driven recommendation engine cookies to improve experience... Source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors of agricultural and industrial runoffs etc! The cookie is set by GDPR cookie Consent to record the user Consent for the cookies in the?... From volcanic materials hovers around 1.1 % is highly fragmented in the enterprise of Ethiopia #... Following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation are challenged complex. Reduction in the utilization of farmlands for mechanization incomes grow in emerging and by value increased by %... Emerging and a huge labor force cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the.. Migration, and a few vegetables people work in agriculture plants to survive in central! 1990S ( FAO, 2017 ) fall armyworm, and health in integrations complex.Intense debates have been continued population! Biotic factors, economy, and food security in particular requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity perennial! Particularly, the Ethiopian life to the following benefits varieties are also helpful in saving water also motivated... Faos global information system on water and agriculture Organization of the producers like the underproductive children though... Ten-Year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production.. Into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan population that depends on..