Mrs. Tamar Bouhadana, 31, married, two children, fashion designer On 3 March 1974, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating the flight crashed into the Ermenonville Forest, outside Paris, killing all 346 people on board. As the plane's speed increased, the additional lift started to raise the nose again. In no uncertain terms, Applegate explained that even if the fundamentally flawed cargo door was fixed, the floor design could still lead to disaster. There were a total of 346 people on board, of which 335 were passengers and 11 were crew members. But these were the medium range model of the DC-10, which was rather unpopular, and finding a buyer was easier said than done. With the locking pins overlapping the flanges by only 2.5 millimeters even at full extension, and no support plate to stop the torque tube from bending, only 13 pounds (57 Newtons) of force were required to bend the torque tube and lock a door that was not fully over-center. It had 12 six-abreast first-class seats and 333 nine-abreast economy seats, for a total of 345 passenger seats. The wreckage was so fragmented that it was difficult to tell whether any parts of the aircraft were missing. Additionally, the handle moved a metal plug into a vent cut in the outer hatch panel. The plane crashed into the ground at a speed of about 800 km/h. Mr. Jack Middieton, S4, married, one child, company director and his wife Joan Margaret, 51 CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of notable decompression accidents and incidents, List of airliner crashes involving loss of control, Accident to Turkish Airlines DC-10 TC-JAV in the Ermenonville Forest on 3 March 1974 Final Report, ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747SR-46 JA8119 Ueno, Pre-crash photo at Hamburg Airport taken from Airliners.net courtesy of M. Maibrink, Bureau d'Enqutes et d'Analyses pour la Scurit de l'Aviation Civile, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Airlines_Flight_981&oldid=336593, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Articles needing additional references from July 2014, Articles needing additional references from February 2011, Articles with French-language external links, Airliner accidents and incidents caused by design or manufacturing errors, Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure, Airliner accidents and incidents involving in-flight depressurization, Aviation accidents and incidents in France, Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Aircraft design flaw, cargo door failure leading to. In keeping with its overall design philosophy, Lockheed devised an ingenious system that turned the rear cargo door into a semi-plug door. Of the 346 passengers and crew on board, only 40 bodies were visually identifiable with rescue teams recovering some 20,000 body fragments in all. The case should have been open and shut, the resulting design changes uncontroversial. This was especially problematic given that the mechanism was extremely weak, and the torque tube would bend under as little as 80 pounds (355 Newtons) of force, well within the capability of the average human. Despite this, the changes required by the service bulletin (installation of a support plate for the handle linkage, preventing the bending of the linkage seen in the Flight 96 incident) had not been implemented. Among the British passengers were members of an amateur rugby team from Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, who were returning from attending a Five Nations match between France and England and trade union leader James Conway. However, the number 2 engine in the tail had failed. As far as investigators were able to tell, there was no way that Berkz and Ulusman could have recovered. Mr. Stuart Frank King, 19, salesman Mr. Yasushi Kohama, 23, bank management trainee Mr. James Wedgwood Leslie Berg, 37, married, two children, company director, PAKISTANI Most of the passengers were British. Mr. Boubacar Sy, 40, married, merchant, SPANISH The loss of control of these key components meant that the pilots lost control of the aircraft entirely. Miss Linda Woods, Z7, commercial artist Baggage handler Mohammed Mahmoudi was assigned to deal with the rear cargo door, but after waiting for some time, he was told that no bags would be placed there and that he should close the door. The interconnecting linkage between the lock and the latch hooks had not been upgraded. And so, while it is true that flying today is much safer than it was in 1974 passengers today need not worry about their planes crashing because of badly designed doors the same basic factors that led to the DC-10 cargo door saga still exist and still cause accidents. Flight 981's captain was Nejat Berkz, age 44, with 7,000 flying hours. Warnings started to blare, indicating a fire, although there was none. Les 300 tonnes du DC-10 ont t ramenes de petits fragments de mtal tordu et des effets personnels parpills sur une large zone. At the time, it was the deadliest plane crash ever. Mr. Franois Druesne, 35, married, five children, chemical engineer The control cables for the rear control surfaces of the DC-10 were routed under the floor. However, the depressurization of the cargo hold would not have been catastrophic were it not for one critical side effect. Mr. Kenneth Christopher Doran, 60, married, retired air force officer and his wife Phyllis Gertrude, 52, two children If the latches were not properly closed, the pins would strike the torque tube flanges and the handle would remain open, visually indicating a problem. There were three rows of extra seats added to TC-JAV, which added a greater overall load to the floor. Crew of craft TC-JAV ( A detailed account here) Mr. Nejat Berkoz Mr. The post-crash fires were small, as there were few large pieces of the aircraft left intact to burn. Mr. Shigeo Hosoi, 23, baak management trainee Mr. Frederick Ernest George Sanders, 42, married, one child, company director As the frantic effort to produce a new wide-body jet got underway, McDonnell Douglas adopted a mantra of Fly before they roll: in other words, the goal was for the DC-10 to make its maiden flight before the first L-1011 had emerged from the hangar. Turkish Airlines Flight 981; CG render of TC-JAV moments after failure of the cargo hatch. Mr. Ernesto Justo, 25, head waiter, SWEDISH Mr, Lionel James Ware, 28, married, two children, helicopter engineer But before the office could finish drafting even this first most insignificant directive, Jackson McGowen, president of the Douglas division of McDonnell Douglas, telephoned FAA Administrator John Shaffer in order to intervene. [5] Some other passengers cancelled their tickets because of delays or a lack of seats. Mrs. Selvinaz Cetin, 30, married, two children Mrs. Theresa Ciene Edith Harrow, 41, married, three children, sales manager The result was that the vent door simply indicated the position of the locking handle, and could not warn of a failure of the locking mechanism. The cargo door design flaw, and the consequences of a resulting in-flight decompression, had been noted by Convair engineer Dan Applegate in a 1972 memo. Mrs. Rosalind Vivian Saeger, 29, married Mr. Ivor John Bradley, 46, married, two children, marketing director Read more about this topic: Turkish Airlines Flight 981. Mr. Robert Briggs Savidge, 20, assistant farm manager Mr. Terence Frederick Paul, 42, married, three children, company representative In fact, it was obvious that selling the DC-10 to THY in the first place was a dubious idea. While various parties explored a design solution, the Western regional office planned to issue a series of ADs mandating interim fixes, beginning with a requirement to implement McDonnell Douglass improvement to the latch actuator wire. Turkish Airlines flight TK981 took off from Paris at around 12:30 noon. Mr. Tomo-o Ishikawa, 23, trading company management trainee In the case of a plug door, this actually seals the door more tightly. The death toll of 346 exceeded that of any previous aviation incident. However, he closed the door with excessive force. The sudden departure of the door caused all the air to rush out of the cargo compartment, taking with it a number of items, including an occupied coffin. choose Qatar Airways, which departs at 09:25 The last flight for this route is Vueling, Turkish Airlines, departing at 22:40 Zagreb Airport . But the vent door didnt quite close, so Eggert called over his supervisor for advice. Mr. Amadeu Pumar Bergamini, 22, student Mr. Kazuyuki Kembo, 23, trading company management trainee Problems with the hatches had occurred previously, most notably in an identical incident that happened on American Airlines Flight 96 in 1972. Mr. Takashi Ogura, 22, trading company management trainee In 1974, Bereaved families pray and look in utter horror at the devastation where the 300 ton DC-10 was reduced to small shards of twisted metal and personal effects scatted over a large area. Prs de la plaque commmorative se trouvent des plaques individuelles ainsi que les tombes de quelques unes des victimes, le cimetire parisien de Thiais. Mr. Peter William Woolvett, 25, fashion designer Back in the passenger cabin, the flight attendants hurried to prepare the passengers for an imminent emergency landing. [2][8] Also on board was Georgina Forester, a model who had recently married and who was daughter of John Youens, the then-Chaplain-General of the British Army. [note 1]. To verify this Passenger list, you can visit the website aerosteles which provides a detail of the monument. McDonnell Douglass response to this serious failure in testing was to make a few minor changes to the design of the door. Basilberry. Mr. Yasunori Takashima, 23, bank management trainee However, the Aircraft was just past 11,000 feet (3,300 meters) when an explosion sounded from the cabin. It took a painstaking inquires into twenty-one countries to produce the full catalog of victims. The pilots tried to save their crippled plane, but the pitch controls had been destroyed, sending the plane into an irrecoverable dive, and the jet crashed less than two minutes later in the Ermenonville Forest, killing all 346 passengers and crew. Less than two years later, on March 3, 1974, a sudden, forceful blowout tore through Turk Hava Yollari (THY) Flight 981 from Paris to London. Mr. Kaaumasa Kawabata, 26, textile company manager Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth Rosher, 71, widow, one child, merchant and Mrs. Roshers daughter Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth Sykes, S2, widow, one child Mr. Otto Sigmund Kohnstamm, 72, married, one child, doctor and his wife Winifred, 51, secretary Mr. Ian Roger Fuller, 24, fashion model Only later that day did airport officials inform police and the press that the actual number of people on board was at least 344. 177 passengers and four crew members came from the United Kingdom. Instead of taking Lockheeds route, McDonnell Douglas decided to design a much simpler over-center door. There was nothing actually wrong with Applegates argument, he wrote in his official reply the possibility of failure was real, as was the likelihood that Convair would be held liable in the event of a crash. We hope that our visitors will appreciate and we help them to increase their aviation culture. Mr. Sidney Waterhouse, 48, married, four children, textile representative It would not be long before inspections of the door revealed a design flaw large enough to ring alarm bells at the highest levels of the NTSB. This action left many United Kingdom-bound passengers stranded in Europe. The first aircraft accident in which 200 or more people died occurred on March 3, 1974, when 346 died in the crash of Turkish Airlines Flight 981.As of April 2020, there have been 33 aviation incidents in which 200 or more people died.. In the aftermath of Flight 96, the NTSB made several recommendations. Mrs. Christine Carmen Bland, 46, married, librarian Miss Rachel Margaret Cowie, 47, accountant, BELGIAN Mr. Morton Lloyd Lewis, 56, divorced, journalist However, McDonnell-Douglas knew about the flaws with the door design and an NTSB directive after a similar incident had not been implemented. Mr. Julian Glynne Parish, 31, helicopter pilot The plane that crashed as Flight 981, TC-JAV, or "Ship 29", had been ordered from McDonnell-Douglas three months after the service bulletin was issued, and was delivered to Turkish Airlines another three months after that. The accident was the result of the ejection in flight of the aft cargo door on the left-hand side: the sudden depressurization which followed led to the disruption of the floor structure, causing six passengers and parts of the aircraft to be ejected, rendering No 2 engine inoperative and impairing the flight controls (tail surfaces) so that it was impossible for the crew to regain control of the aircraft. On-Demand TV. Turkish Airlines flight 981, a 4th most catastrophic aviation disaster in history, was caused by serious flaw by McDonnell Douglas, and this only disaster made a serious impact on aviation market, also the existence of the McDonnell Douglas company. There were many passengers on board from Japan and the United Kingdom, so observers from those countries followed the investigation. After all, if Lockheed captured this new market, McDonnell Douglas would probably cease to exist; everything thus depended on the success of the new plane: the DC-10. Lightly loaded with just 56 passengers and 11 crew, the DC-10 took off from Detroit at 19:20 and climbed away into the evening sky, heading east over Canada. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 - Passengers Passengers 167 passengers flew on the Istanbul to Paris leg, and 50 of them disembarked in Paris. [3] This meant that after the explosion, the aircraft was uncontrollable.[3]. Mr. Roberto Antonio Campanella dos Santos, 22, student, Mr. Pedra Pernias, 52, married, two children, writer and his wife Ilda Lina Elisa, There was no hangar at Istanbul Airport that was big enough for a DC-10, so all maintenance work had to be done with the tail sticking out into the weather. 21. At the time of the accident there were only two people seated in first class, while economy class was fully occupied. A large section of the floor near the last few rows of seats consequently failed, collapsing down into the cargo hold. After the crash of Flight 981, the latching system was completely redesigned. The NTSB's investigation into Flight 96 found that the handlers had forced the locking handle closed, in spite of the fact that the latches had not engaged fully because of an electrical problem. In this mis-rigged position, the lock tube didnt move far enough to consistently extinguish the door warning light in the cockpit, so someone had welded several shims onto the end of the lock tube to improve its contact with the switch. To the NTSBs surprise, however, the FAA declined to mandate either of its proposed changes. The Flight Engineer was Huseyin Ozer, age 37, he ha had 2,113 flight hours at the time of the accident.. By the following year, most of the obvious kinks had been ironed out, and the DC-10 entered passenger service with American Airlines in August 1971. Mrs Francis Eustace Hill, 55, married, two children, company director Mr. Malcolm Ronald Portch, 47, married, one child, company director and his wife Enid Dilysea, 41. company director and their daughter Trudi Melinda, 6 The fully intact bodies of the six passengers who were ejected from the aircraft were found along with the plane's rear hatch, all having landed in a turnip field near Saint-Pathus, approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) south of where the remainder of the plane would crash. McDonnell Douglas followed this up later with a new service bulletin requesting (but again, not mandating) the installation of a small window through which the locking pins could be seen, along with a placard containing a diagram and the words Caution: verify latch pins engaged. They also asked that airlines increase the maximum extension of the lock tube by 6 millimeters and install a support plate around the torque tube, which would together ensure that no human could produce enough force to close the locking handle if the door wasnt locked. Mrs. Clara Lux, 79, widow, one child, typing school director Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was a scheduled flight from Istanbul Yesilky Airport to London Heathrow Airport, with an intermediate stop at Orly Airport in Paris. Mr. Elfryn Lloyd, 46, married, five children, aeronautical designer [1] All 346 people on board were killed in the accident. On Flight 811, the cargo hatch failed, causing a section of the fuselage to fail, resulting in the deaths of nine passengers, who were blown out of the aircraft. An outward-opening cargo hatch is inherently less resistant to blowing open than an inward-opening one, also called a plug door. But when McDonnell Douglas copied this feature, they made a crucial mistake: unlike Boeings design, their vent door was driven by the torque tube attached to the locking handle instead of the lock tube. Four days after the crash of Turkish Airlines flight 981, the FAA issued a series of Airworthiness Directives mandating a redesign of the cargo door and the installation of vents in the floors of all large jets to relieve a pressure spike. The first leg of the Istanbul-Paris-London flight of Turkish Airlines with flight number 981 was completed without any problems. 1:04. Captain Berkz tried to pull up, but there was no response. To prevent this, the DC-10 used a latching system incorporating "over-center latches" four C-shaped latches mounted on a common torque shaft that were rotated over latching pins ("spools") fixed to the aircraft fuselage. 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