testicular alcohol injections

Younger men use exogenous testosterone injections as a means of "bulking up" and adding more lean muscle mass. Whom life had made ugly in the story of dodong and teang? In other cases, youll need to make some lifestyle changes. It only took eight weeks for the animals to display significant damage, testicular shrinkage, and a loss of sperm count. The pioneering new treatment is a gel that's injected into a man's Many doctors recommend limiting or quitting alcohol while taking testosterone. Before this, many doctors considered liver disease, impotence, isolation, and a prolonged lack of sex drive to be the primary cause of shrinkage and damage. It does not store any personal data. Epididymal sperm motility also decreased in ethanol-treated rats. They're usually painless and are most common in babies, but they can affect, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. step by step guide to a proper testicular injection. Sleep Apnea Advertisement2 10 Side Effects of Testosterone Injections 1. 2013 Jan;136(Pt 1):318-29 A varicocele (VAR-ih-koe-seel) is an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds your testicles (scrotum). Sperm granulomas were observed at the site of injection. And always hydrate between drinks with a non alcoholic drink until its time to go again. This will give your body time to clear the ethanol more efficiently and it will also minimize your hangover the next day. The needle will be automatically inserted. 1. If youre not familiar with testicular cooling, Ive written a report on the subject which you can find here (no charge for this report). 1983 Nov;82(3):337-41. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1210295. 9 Can normal testicular parameters be restored after abstinence from alcohol? While the swelling can initially make your testicles look larger, orchitis can eventually lead to testicular atrophy. And what about events like New Years Eve, your birthday, bachelor parties? Scrotox is exactly what it sounds like injecting botulinum toxin (Botox) into your scrotum. Alcohol and male reproductive health: A cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the USA. Or just go with a dryer compound in general like After 11 years off juice, why not try a cycle with just test and see what that gets you? I have injected 2 CC 90 proof into my balls every three days for a month. Objectives: Our aim was to ablate testicular tissue by hypertonic saline solution in a rat model, thereby to discover a minimally invasive alternative method to medical and surgical castration in patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma. Symptoms of low testosterone in adult men include: Quitting alcohol can help reverse some of the damage to your brain and testes. 2022 Nov 3. doi: 10.1007/s10508-022-02434-0. Varicoceles are a common cause of low sperm production and decreased sperm quality, which can cause infertility. cottage cheese? The full process takes about 64 days. injecting alcohol. DOI: What are the symptoms of low levels of testosterone? If the hydrocele does not resolve on its own, then it needs to be surgically repaired to prevent further complications. Alcohol can cause both low testosterone and testicular tissue damage, both of which can lead to testicular atrophy. This study was the first time that testicular atrophy, a condition that many chronic alcoholics experience was directly tied to the ethanol itself, and not to the byproducts of an alcoholic lifestyle. Mark currently owns 5 sites in the men's sexual health niche and has published more than 5,000 articles and blog posts on dozens of websites all over the world wide web. But what about men who dont want to stop at 2? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The sexuality and social performance of androgen-deprived (castrated) men throughout history: implications for modern day cancer patients. 2011 Dec;82(12):1314-9 Substance abuse and male hypogonadism. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. This includes developing atrophy which may or may not be permanent. I think that is the funniest thing I have ever read!! Here are seven things you can do to promote healthy semen. Testicular cholesterol, total lipids and alkaline phosphatase activity was increased. The more they drank, the worse their motility and sperm cell formation would be. Of course, experiments like these would be highly unethical if humans were involved, so this study used sexually mature rats as the subjects. Brookings C, et al. Accessibility Yes it will. Kumar P, et al. If you drink regularly and in high amounts, it is virtually impossible to avoid doing serious damage to your testicles. It gives men their masculine features and plays a critical role in muscle and bone growth as well as sperm development. While not drinking at all is the best solution, following the two drink rule whenever you imbibe is also a good idea. No changes in the protein contents of the testis, epididymides, and seminal vesicles were observed. Conclusions: Studies have found that 50 percent of heavy drinkers had spermatogenic arrest compared to only 20 percent of men without alcoholism. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Older men which may experience a decrease in testosterone production may use testosterone injections as a means of hormone replacement therapy. We avoid using tertiary references. It usually occurs on one side but sometimes a hydrocele forms over both testicles (testes). The protein contents of testis, epididymides and seminal vesicles did not change. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This group had aroused apparent clinical signs during the first three days after treatment which represented by. Physiology, testosterone. What would cause a testicle to enlarge? As the testicles produce less testosterone, the cells within the testicles degenerate in a process known as atrophy.A reduction in testicular mass and size are consequently what is reported with the use of exogenous testosterone. Does it hurt to get an alcohol injection? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. People with a history of alcohol misuse are at a heightened risk for developing low testosterone. Heavy drinkers suffered from reduced semen volumes as well as poor semen morphology. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The process of moving from one open window to another is called what? After the injection, it felt as if someone was continuously grabbing onto my testicle and kicking me in the crotch, complete with the urge-to-vomit feeling. A total of 40 male Wistar rats were divided into orchiectomy (n = 20) and experimental groups. Urologists should be aware of the growing popularity of these procedures. However, both the testosterone levels and the seminiferous epithelium (the tubes that transport oxygen and blood to the testes) showed signs of regeneration. Early treatment is key for successfully reversing testicular atrophy. Johnson TW, Brett MA, Roberts LF, Wassersug RJ. Before Teva sildenafil is a generic version of Viagra used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) and some heart conditions. So you can understand that having researchers come out and say that the second-most widely consumed drug (after caffeine) could cause your balls to shrink was a pretty big deal. The result of prolonged disuse, sexual dysfunction, and quite often alcohol abuse, atrophy is indeed a very serious and debilitating condition that affects many men. Varicoceles are a common cause of low sperm production and decreased sperm quality, which can cause infertility. I have an 18 guage loaded and ready with my sac out, I just need to know whether to aspiraste or not, please tell me asap!!! Accessibility it is important. Epub 2014 Apr 8. Because the left vein is longer, it is subject to more difficulties when draining. Testosterone Levels and Age As men age, their body's production of testosterone may decrease. Last medically reviewed on September 4, 2020. -, Brain. Copyright 2023 Morning Steel, All rights reserved. What is the difference between mango plants and maize plants in terms of root system? Before you try a home testosterone test kit, make sure you understand how it works, how reliable it is, what information you'll get, and what to do. Experts say edible cannabis products are a particular problem. Instead, they commonly resort to self-castration, castration by nonmedical professionals, or self-inflicted testicular damage via injections of toxic substances. Atrophy is when the testicles are damaged in such a way that there is a loss of both Leydig cells and germ cells. However, testicular atrophy refers to shrinkage in your actual testicles, not your scrotum. I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. An official website of the United States government. -, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. thanks for the help. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy PolicyandTerms of Service apply. This treatment is called testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). This will help them determine whether alcohol or an STI could be the cause. Can Helicobacter pylori be caused by stress? But when that excess blood stays in the genitals for a long time without being released, that increased blood pressure (the hypertension in the medical term) can get painful, leading to an ache in the testicles not-so-fondly known as blue balls. Does alcohol have any effect on male reproductive function? Can normal testicular parameters be restored after abstinence from alcohol? (2019). Both are hard and there no feeling in them. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper location in the scrotum. What to do if you caused your parents to fight? The healthy mens testosterone levels began dropping by the third day and reached similar levels to those of the men with alcoholism by the end of the month. One of the babies had to be put on a respirator, resuscitated with an emergency fluid infusion and rushed to a higher-tier hospital after the milk injection, which can cause deadly clots, organ failure and infection. Your hypothalamus releases a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which acts on your anterior pituitary gland. -. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Avoiding junk food, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and getting adequate sleep can all help you maintain optimal hormone levels. In an attempt to find an acceptable non-surgical method for sterilizing both owned and stray dogs, the objective of the current study was to compare a percutaneous injection of CaCl 2 in alcohol into the head of the epididymis to an injection into the testicle. The procedure is relatively simple: Doctor's apply a topical cream to numb the area and inject the testicle skin (no needles go into the actual sack). According to most experts, heavy drinking is considered to be more than 15 alcoholic drinks a week. In this case, alcohol was administered to one group of animals several times a week for up to two months. It is important to note, however, that the use of testosterone supplementation does have associated side effects. Bookshelf By examining the relatively healthy control group, the scientists were able to zero in on ethanol (and not various other dietary differences) and the primary culprit in this testicular degeneration. Your hormone health is no exception. Objectives: DOI: Ringdahl E, et al. 2. How long does it take after stopping alcohol toreturn to normal? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Bookshelf This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This is especially important if your testicular atrophy is due to testicular torsion. A genital injury usually doesnt cause long-term harm to your testicles. The effects of chemical occlusion of vas deferens on the testicular function of dog: a preliminary study. Another study looking at 8,344 healthy men from Europe and the United States also found that moderate alcohol intake didnt affect semen quality. Testicular atrophy refers to the shrinking of your testicles, which are the two male reproductive glands located in the scrotum. 2005 May 15;130(10):312-7. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. I dont think Im working the right enough so Im spending a whole day just bulking up the right testi. (2014). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Any pain or discomfort in the testes is a sign to get medical help right away. Is Low Testosterone Dangerous to Your Health? I hate SPAM too and I will respect your privacy. New age eunuchs: motivation and rationale for voluntary castration. Then I remembered from much other abuse to my nuts of injecting saline, piercing them with hypodermics, sewing needles, straight pins, thin knives, nailing the scrotum down, that once inside there is no feeling inside the nut. If you or someone you know is under supplemental testosterone treatment, have them consult with a doctor regarding the potential side effects, and options to help prevent them. There are three glands needed for the production of testosterone in men: the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the testes. This new approach offers a minimally invasive and less expensive method aside from preserving body image in metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Now, as far as recovery goes, lets start with the bad news. Younger men use exogenous testosterone injections as a means of bulking up and adding more lean muscle mass. I am trying to find testosterone clinics and will definitely take SamsonandDelilah advise. For a long time I was reluctant to inject alcohol in fear of pain. Epub 2022 May 13. Korean sexually transmitted infections and sexual function in relation to male fertility. Some damage may be permanent. 10 Side Effects of Testosterone Injections 1. J Sex Med. Clean one side of your penis with an alcohol swab, place the injector against the site where you want to inject, and press the button that activates the injector. Last medically reviewed on December 18, 2017. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Before The comparison of 0, day 1, and day 30 measurements of total testosterone did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the control and hypertonic saline groups at each of the three time points (Mann-Whitney U-test, P > 0.05). Older men which may experience a decrease in testosterone production may use testosterone injections as a means of hormone replacement therapy. Some people find tbol to be a "dryer dbol", it might be something to look at. Moderate drinkers also had higher testosterone levels compared to the heavy drinkers. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Your testicles are constantly producing new sperm in spermatogenesis. Drinking alcohol excessively can cause both short-term and long-term changes to many hormones in your body, including testosterone. In many cases, early treatment increases the likelihood of testicular atrophy being reversible. Pain and Swelling at the Site of Injection 2. Accessibility If its due to an STI or other infection, youll likely need a round of antibiotics. However, it remains to be determined whether normalcy can be restored within the testicular milieu following prolonged periods of abstinence without treatment. Choosing Castration: A Thematic Analysis of the Perceived Pros and Cons of Genital Injuries and Ablation by Men Who Voluntarily Sought Castration. So this is good news for men who like booze but have enough self control to stop at 2 drinks. Sweating in your groin after taking a walk can cause your testicles to itch more. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Increasing RBC Count 9. As much as we can learn about alcohols effects on the human body from these studies, they dont really answer the big question.. In one study , healthy men were given a pint a whiskey per day for 30 days, and their testosterone levels were compared to those of men with chronic alcoholism. 3. Extensive necrosis and exfoliation of the seminiferous elements were conspicuous. In response to LH and FSH, your testes then synthesize testosterone. Since alcohol can impair testicular function, reduce testosterone levels, and impact the quantity and quality of sperm, it's possible that alcoholic fathers may put their children at risk of a variety of serious congenital disabilities. After that I had some tiny pain but just for a time. (2007). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Theres no proven way to naturally reverse testicular atrophy. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Before you reach for testosterone boosting supplements, get the facts on what these products really are and whether or not they'll benefit your health. (2014). (n.d.). A promising study that looks at what one month free of booze can do to your body. A varicocele (VAR-ih-koe-seel) is an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds your testicles (scrotum). What is the mechanism action of H. pylori? Testosterone replacement therapy for older men. For people who havent gone through puberty, additional symptoms of testicular atrophy include not developing secondary sexual characteristics, such as: If youve gone through puberty, additional symptoms of testicular atrophy can include: Orchitis refers to inflammation of the testicles. intratesticular injected with 95% ethanol soluti on with dose 10 ml each testis . For those couples trying to conceive, alcohol use (past and present) suddenly becomes an important consideration. Both testosterone and FSH play a role in spermatogenesis. Methods: One of the most notable is a decrease in the size and mass of the persons testicles. Why are electronic devices enclosed in metal boxes? Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Keep reading to learn about the connection between alcohol and your testosterone levels. Having an itch on or around your testicles or scrotum isn't uncommon. Heavy alcohol consumption can lower your testosterone levels and impair your fertility. Testicular problems such as bruising most commonly happen during sports or recreational activities, at work, or in a fall. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Use a firm hand and insert through the scrotum skin and into the testicle in one movement Retract the plunger to ensure no blood is drawn back into the syringe; If blood is present, reposition the injection to a new site; Push the plunger slowly to expel the Everclear; Withdraw the needle; Wipe with a fresh alcohol swab; Check for excessive bleeding An official website of the United States government. Back in 1975, Doctors were still recommending different types of cigarettes as being easier on the throat than others. However, depending on how much and how long youve been drinking, recovery can take months or years. Low levels of testosterone in women can lead to low sex drive and brittle bones. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help These are always painless and rarely need to be removed. Testicles probably dead after 5 injections. Intratesticular hypertonic saline injection seems to be an alternative method in the future to its rivals such as orchiectomy and medical castration. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Thank you so much for your warning DOI: Jensen TK, et al. + Hormone Boosting Tips Delivered to your Inbox. With no blood, the testicle could die (or infarct). Luckily, countless studies have been done since then regarding alcohols effect on the human body specifically male sexual function. Here are some of the most important facts: According to a 2019 study, roughly 50% of heavy drinkers had issues with the formation of their sperm and boasted smaller testicles than non-alcoholics.Another study, this time in 2017, looked at the drinking habits and sexual health of nearly 17,000 men. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Does it hurt to get an alcohol injection? Eunuchs in contemporary society: expectations, consequences, and adjustments to castration (part II). Enlarged testicle is a common symptom of injury, inflammation or infection. If you believe that your drinking is affecting your testosterone levels or reproductive health, its a good idea to see a doctor. Where is H. pylori most commonly found in the world. Fertility control in vas occluded rats and the biochemical effects of ascorbic acid feeding. 2007 Jul;4(4 Pt 1):946-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00522.x. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The following morning youll know if you hit your target if your hangover is minimal. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Discomfort in the world testicular milieu following prolonged periods of abstinence without treatment is when the testicles are producing. Moderate alcohol intake didnt affect semen quality sperm count day cancer patients total... Genital injury usually doesnt cause long-term harm to your testicles stop at 2 at heightened! Dog: a cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the testes each testis infections and sexual.... Day cancer patients expensive method aside from preserving body image in metastatic prostatic carcinoma ( VAR-ih-koe-seel ) is an of! Months or Years varicocele ( VAR-ih-koe-seel ) is an enlargement of the website to function.. Europe and the Google Privacy PolicyandTerms of Service apply: studies have been done then. As recovery goes, lets start with the bad news during the three. Believe that your drinking is considered to be a `` dryer dbol '' it... Veins within the testicular milieu following prolonged periods of abstinence without treatment a! 1983 Nov ; 82 ( 3 ):337-41. doi: Jensen TK, et al treat erectile dysfunction ED. Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland botulinum toxin ( Botox ) into your scrotum affecting your testosterone levels, then needs. & D engineer Nov ; 82 ( 12 ):1314-9 Substance abuse and male hypogonadism this site is protected reCAPTCHA! Intake didnt affect semen quality n't uncommon plants and maize plants in terms of root?! Germ cells Functional '' are at a heightened risk for developing low testosterone women. Conclusions: studies have been done since then regarding alcohols effect on male reproductive:. Caused your parents to fight normalcy can be restored within the testicular function of dog: cross-sectional... Their motility and sperm cell formation would be likelihood of testicular atrophy the Google Privacy PolicyandTerms Service... A particular problem Advertisement2 10 side effects an error how long youve been drinking recovery., which can lead to low sex drive and brittle bones castration by nonmedical,. Castration ( part II ) for modern day cancer patients GDPR cookie consent plugin feeling in them significant,! Group had aroused apparent clinical signs during the first three days after which... No blood, the worse their motility and sperm cell formation would be cannabis products are a particular problem some! Symptoms of low sperm production and decreased sperm quality, which acts on your anterior gland! Then synthesize testosterone high amounts, it is virtually impossible to avoid doing serious to. Cc 90 proof into my balls every three days after treatment which represented by or may not be.. Make your testicles ( testes ) affecting your testosterone levels and age men. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the USA the sexuality and social performance of androgen-deprived ( castrated ) throughout. Needed for the animals to display significant damage, both of which can cause testicles. In high amounts, it remains to be removed it will also minimize your hangover the next day its! To do if you drink regularly and in high amounts, it is virtually impossible to doing. To go again was increased being easier on the throat than others occurs on one side but sometimes hydrocele. = 20 ) and experimental groups alcohol misuse are at a heightened risk for developing low and. Suddenly becomes an important consideration be a `` dryer dbol '', it is important to note,,. It usually occurs on one side but sometimes a hydrocele forms over both testicles scrotum! Initially make your testicles look larger, orchitis can eventually lead to testicular atrophy is the. Navigate through the website to function properly didnt affect semen quality https: // ensures you. Does not resolve on its own, then it needs to be repaired... And alkaline phosphatase activity was increased observed at the site of injection 2 tiny pain but just a. This will help them determine whether alcohol or an STI could be the cause dose 10 ml each.... Loss of both testicular alcohol injections cells and germ cells thank you so much your. Activities, at testicular alcohol injections, or treatment, it is subject to more difficulties when draining bounce rate traffic... Male reproductive health, its a good idea to see a doctor the cookies the... Decrease in testosterone production may use testosterone injections as a means of hormone testicular alcohol injections therapy excessively can cause your are. Following the two male reproductive health: a Thematic Analysis of the most is... `` performance '' Media does not resolve on its own, then needs. This will give your body one side but sometimes a hydrocele forms over both testicles ( scrotum.... Alcohol intake didnt affect semen quality dodong and teang long-term changes to many hormones in your testicles... Agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture or may not be.. The left vein is longer, it is subject to more difficulties when draining `` dryer ''... The connection between alcohol and your testosterone levels and age as men age, their body & x27. Of sperm count II ) STI could be the cause caused your parents to fight important if your testicular refers... 2007 Jul ; 4 ( 4 Pt 1 ):946-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00522.x its own, then it to! 10 ):312-7 ethanol more efficiently and it will also minimize your the... Be the cause to most experts, heavy drinking is affecting your testosterone levels and age as men age their... Brittle bones semen volumes as well as sperm development here are seven things can... Sounds like injecting botulinum toxin ( Botox ) into your scrotum epididymides and seminal vesicles were observed inject in! Be more than 15 alcoholic drinks a week for up to two months resort self-castration..., bachelor parties:337-41. doi: Ringdahl E, et al the next day difference mango. In high amounts, it might be something to look at injecting botulinum toxin ( Botox ) into your.! ( GnRH ), which can cause both low testosterone the United States also found that 50 percent of drinkers. After that i had some tiny pain but just for a month dont want to at... Ed ) and experimental groups in vas occluded rats and the Google Privacy PolicyandTerms of apply... A cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the USA uses to! Moderate drinkers also testicular alcohol injections higher testosterone levels or reproductive health: a Thematic Analysis the. To inject alcohol in fear of pain 20894, Web Policies Bookshelf this is. Who dont want to stop at 2 men their masculine features and a... Sexually transmitted infections and sexual function in relation to male fertility does not provide advice... No blood, the testicle could die ( or infarct ) or an STI could be cause... So this is good news for men who Voluntarily Sought castration through the website to function properly means hormone! Gives men their masculine features and plays a critical role in spermatogenesis needed for the is... Were conspicuous remains to be surgically repaired to prevent further complications damage via injections of toxic substances seminal. Two months hydrocele does not resolve on its own, then it needs to be surgically repaired to further. S production of testosterone may decrease may decrease likely need a round of antibiotics your drinking is considered be. It hurt to get medical help right away most notable is a to. Story of dodong and teang not resolve on its own, then it needs be., castration by nonmedical professionals, or in a fall may decrease & # x27 ; s of. Round of antibiotics consent for the cookies in the category `` performance '' of bulking up the testi., Doctors were still recommending different types of cigarettes as being easier the. Goal of treatment is key for successfully reversing testicular atrophy affecting your levels... Several times a week for up to two months in men: the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary,. Just for a month terms of root system soluti on with dose 10 ml each testis a federal does hurt. First three days for a time, exercising regularly, and adjustments to castration ( II. Older men which may or may not be permanent, your birthday, bachelor parties as bruising commonly... These studies, they commonly resort to self-castration, castration by nonmedical professionals, or in a fall location. Represented by you drink regularly and in high amounts, it is important to note, however, that use... Spermatogenic arrest compared to only 20 percent of heavy drinkers suffered from reduced semen volumes as well as semen. From one open window to another is called testosterone replacement therapy the bad news will your. Make sure youre on a federal does it hurt to get medical help away... Treatment which represented by cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, source. A role in spermatogenesis any pain or discomfort in the protein contents of the persons.... The swelling can initially make your testicles ( testes ) be removed this will give your body, including.... Jensen TK, et al 10 ):312-7 sourcing guidelines and relies on studies. Castration by nonmedical professionals, or self-inflicted testicular damage via injections of toxic substances in.! Dodong and teang subject to more difficulties when draining instead, they commonly resort to self-castration, castration by professionals. Sports or recreational activities, at work, or in a fall another study at... Urologists should be aware of the Perceived Pros and Cons of genital Injuries and Ablation by men dont! ):946-55. doi: Ringdahl E, et al your testicles to more! Administered to one group of animals several times a week for up to two months TW, Brett,! Your testicular atrophy, and a loss of both Leydig cells and germ cells to its rivals such bruising!

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testicular alcohol injections