"[32] One source claimed that the queen sent her younger sons to France "to join with him against their father the king. Her semi-imprisonment in England ended only with the death of Henry II in 1189. As soon as the French archbishops had formally annulled her marriage on March 21st, Eleanor left the royal castle at Beaugency on the Loire, near Orleans, dodged an attempt to seize her by the Count of Blois and took a barge along the river towards Tours with an escort of her own men. As soon as she arrived in Poitiers, Eleanor sent envoys to Henry, Duke of Normandy and future king of England, asking him to come at once to marry her. . Most recently, she was portrayed by Eileen Atkins in Robin Hood (2010). The moments that are perhaps most telling are those of grief. Warned just in time, she avoided an ambush set by Henrys young brother Geoffrey, who hoped to advance his ambitions by marrying her himself, and arrived safely at her own capital of Poitiers. Politics during this period demanded a degree of flexibility that I think Henry struggled to find. Continue with Recommended Cookies. By this marriage she hoped to ensure peace between the Plantagenets of England and the Capetian kings of France. Louis accordingly bolted the gates of Bourges against the new bishop. Blurry borders and ill-defined authority were no good to Henry. This notorious affair caused a monkish scribe to transcribe Rosamund's name in Latin to "Rosa Immundi", or "Rose of Unchastity". Of all her influence on culture, Eleanor's time in Poitiers between 1168 and 1173 was perhaps the most critical, yet very little is known about it. I encountered the young Henry in depth when writing about The Anarchy. She was not aided by memories of Constance of Arles, the Provenal wife of Robert II, tales of whose immodest dress and language were still told with horror. As such, she was away from William, who had been left behind as a figurehead, when he passed away. It seems likely that she sent word to Henry that she would be willing to marry him, and Henry, who was busily preparing an invasion of England when the offer arrived, dropped everything, and darted south. He even arranged for Eleanor and Louis to sleep in the same bed. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Eleanor was suspected of instigating, or at least encouraging and facilitating, the revolt. The revolt of her sons against her husband in 1173 put her cultural activities to a brutal end. The best result we found for your search is Eleanor G Henry age 60s in Phenix City, AL. If she is reading at all, and not still observing and listening. Henry was nineteen years old, bull-necked, stocky and . It is also speculated that Eleanor placed Rosamund in a bathtub and had an old woman cut Rosamund's arms. In response, Bernard became more kindly towards her: "My child, seek those things which make for peace. This suspicion of responsibility did nothing for her popularity in Christendom. However, he died on Good Friday of that year (9April). [12] William requested of the king that he take care of both the lands and the duchess, and find her a suitable husband. Eleanor recruited some of her royal ladies-in-waiting for the campaign as well as 300 non-noble Aquitainian vassals. About four miles from Shrewsbury and close by Haughmond Abbey is "Queen Eleanor's Bower", the remains of a possible triangular timber castle which is believed to have been one of her prisons. Louis was outraged that his former wife, and vassal, had remarried without his permission. In response, Eleanor broke down and meekly excused her behaviour, claiming to be bitter because of her lack of children (her only recorded pregnancy at that time was in about 1138, but she miscarried[17][18]). Eleanor has featured in a number of screen versions of the Ivanhoe and Robin Hood stories. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. An interdict was thereupon imposed upon the king's lands, and Pierre was given refuge by Theobald II, Count of Champagne. Accordingly, Louis declared on Christmas Day 1145 at Bourges his intention of going on a crusade. A book on rebellions in the medieval era is due soon, and Matts current project is a biography of Warwick the Kingmaker, in a return the fifteenth century. Under both Richard and John she was active in matters of state and she died eventually in a nunnery at Fontrevault in Anjou in her early eighties in 1204, having been for much of a lifetime probably the most powerful woman in Europe. She was also blamed for the size of the baggage train and the fact that her Aquitanian soldiers had marched at the front and thus were not involved in the fight. When she was around 30, Bernard de Ventadour, a noted troubadour, called her "gracious, lovely, the embodiment of charm", extolling her "lovely eyes and noble countenance" and declaring that she was "one meet to crown the state of any king". While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Pioneer Theatre Company presentsThe Lion in Winter, a fascinating look at two of the most iconic figures in English history. Upon the death of her husband Henry II on 6 July 1189, Richard I was the undisputed heir. Eleanor was imprisoned for the next 16 years, much of the time in various locations in England. In 1202 John was again in her debt for holding Mirebeau against Arthur, until John, coming to her relief, was able to take him prisoner. In mid-July, Eleanor's ship finally reached Palermo in Sicily, where she discovered that she and her husband had both been given up for dead. On 25 October 1154, Henry became king of England. In her youth, Eleanor was widely regarded as beautiful and was considered capricious and frivolous. Eleanor Henry VI Part 2. As Eleanor travelled to Poitiers, two lordsTheobald V, Count of Blois, and Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, brother of Henry II, Duke of Normandytried to kidnap and marry her to claim her lands. [10] Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, and strong-willed. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Some, such as John of Salisbury and William of Tyre, say Eleanor's reputation was sullied by rumours of an affair with her uncle Raymond. Eleanor, who was about thirty, had already been queen of France for fifteen years through her first marriage and by her second she would soon be queen of England. During Richards absence, she succeeded in keeping his kingdom intact and in thwarting the intrigues of his brother John Lackland and Philip II Augustus, king of France, against him. CPCC Theatre will hold auditions for The Lion in Winter by James Goldman on Monday, September 13th and Tuesday September 14th from 7:00pm to 9:00pm in the Rehearsal Hall OC 300 of the Overcash/Halton building on the CPCC Central Campus. On 11 March 1152, they met at the royal castle of Beaugency to dissolve the marriage. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory. Eleanor of Aquitaine (1137-1152) was one of the most powerful and influential figures of the Middle Ages. Photos: CHICAGO's Jinkx Monsoon Meets the Press! In the 2019 video game expansion Civilization VI: Gathering Storm, Eleanor is a playable leader for the English and French civilizations.[43]. Eleanor became the heir presumptive to her father's domains. In 1167, Eleanor's third daughter, Matilda, married Henry the Lion of Saxony. They were in high spirits on Christmas Eve, when they chose to camp in a lush valley near Ephesus. In the same year she helped to defend Anjou and Aquitaine against her grandson Arthur of Brittany, thus securing Johns French possessions. King Philip II of France claimed that certain properties in Normandy belonged to his half-sister Margaret, widow of the young Henry, but Henry insisted that they had once belonged to Eleanor and would revert to her upon her son's death. Eleanor also appears briefly in the first novel of Penman's Welsh trilogy, Here Be Dragons. She continued south, crossed the Pyrenees, and travelled through the kingdoms of Navarre and Castile, arriving in Castile before the end of January 1200. Henry was the obvious candidate. Eleanor was, I think, always preoccupied with Aquitaine. In 1141, the Archbishopric of Bourges became vacant, and the king put forward as a candidate one of his chancellors, Cadurc, while vetoing the one suitable candidate, Pierre de la Chatre, who was promptly elected by the canons of Bourges and consecrated by the Pope. It feels like something we could do with more of today. This news appears to have forced a change of plans, for instead of returning to France from Marseilles, they went to see Pope Eugene III in Tusculum, where he had been driven five months before by a revolt of the Commune of Rome. In 1137 Duke William X left Poitiers for Bordeaux and took his daughters with him. I hope I have done them justice in my biography and tried to view them more as people than political caricatures. The Pope, recalling similar attempts by William X to exile supporters of Innocent from Poitou and replace them with priests loyal to himself, blamed Eleanor, saying that Louis was only a child and should be taught manners. JACKSON, Miss. A now heavily pregnant Eleanor,[25] was crowned queen of England by Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, on 19 December 1154. "Young Henry", son of Henry and Eleanor, wed Margaret, daughter of Louis from his second marriage. It also got Henry and his men out of England quickly and without trouble. Five-year-old twins Emma and Ella Henry, of Madison, who played Mae Mobley in "The Help," watched the film for the first time on Sunday. Archbishop Samson of Reims acted for Eleanor. Eleanor of Aquitaine is thought to be the queen of England mentioned in the poem "Were diu werlt alle min," used as the tenth movement of Carl Orff's famous cantata, Carmina Burana.[42]. To strengthen their argument, they state that there is no other evidence that Marie ever stayed with her mother in Poitiers. They have also lived in Columbus, GA and Fort Mitchell, AL. Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry of Anjou. It was, at 75, perhaps her first real mistake. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Eleanor was the daughter and heiress of William X, duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers, who possessed one of the largest domains in Francelarger, in fact, than those held by the French king. Although this was perhaps a better military plan, Louis was not keen to fight in northern Syria. He claims that Eleanor, her daughter Marie, Ermengarde, Viscountess of Narbonne, and Isabelle of Flanders would sit and listen to the quarrels of lovers and act as a jury to the questions of the court that revolved around acts of romantic love. William had anticipated her value and had her betrothed to the soon . On 8 July 1174, Henry and Eleanor took ship for England from Barfleur. Sometime between the end of March and the beginning of May, Eleanor left Poitiers, but was arrested and sent to the king at Rouen. Eleanor was again unwell in early 1201. Within hours, the king had arranged for his son Louis to be married to Eleanor, with Abbot Suger in charge of the wedding arrangements. [6] On the other hand, some chronicles mention a fidelity oath of some lords of Aquitaine on the occasion of Eleanor's fourteenth birthday in 1136. Fiona Harris-Stoertz, "Pregnancy and Childbirth in Twelfth-and Thirteenth-Century French and English Law". She celebrated Easter in Bordeaux, where the famous warrior Mercadier came to her court. Soon afterwards, she sought an annulment of her marriage,[2] but her request was rejected by Pope Eugene III. In the ensuing Battle of Mount Cadmus, the Turks, who had been following and feinting for many days, seized their opportunity and attacked those who had not yet crossed the summit. When she was young, she was described as perpulchramore than beautiful. Eleanor Henry has appeared on Broadway in 4 shows. Family, friend, or fan, this family history biography is for you to remember Eleanor Henry. Menu Log In Sign Up She has been played by Martita Hunt in The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), Jill Esmond in the British TV adventure series The Adventures of Robin Hood (19551960), Phyllis Neilson-Terry in the British TV adventure series Ivanhoe (1958), Yvonne Mitchell in the BBC TV drama series The Legend of Robin Hood (1975), Sin Phillips in the TV series Ivanhoe (1997), and Tusse Silberg in the TV series The New Adventures of Robin Hood (1997). The king, having scorned royal apparel in favour of a simple pilgrim's tunic, escaped notice, unlike his bodyguards, whose skulls were brutally smashed and limbs severed. [16] She may not have been anointed on this occasion, however, because she had already been anointed in 1137. In autumn 1145, Pope Eugene III requested that Louis lead a Crusade to the Middle East to rescue the Frankish states there from disaster. Henry made the apparently absurd move of asking King Stephen, his mothers cousin, but his rival for the throne of England, to bail him out. Eleanor was related to Henry even more closely than she had been to Louis: they were cousins to the third degree through their common ancestor Ermengarde of Anjou, wife of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy and Geoffrey, Count of Gtinais, and they were also descended from King Robert II of France. She was able to retire comfortably as Queen of England, with Aquitaine in the capable hands of Richard, and in doing so, take the sting out of the conflict between her husband and their sons. As the heiress of the House of Poitiers, which controlled much of southwestern France, she was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. This resulted in the army becoming separated, with some having already crossed the summit and others still approaching it. But rather than allowing her to stay, Louis took Eleanor from Antioch against her will and continued on to Jerusalem with his dwindling army.[20]. Eleanor is the subject of A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver, a children's novel by E. L. Konigsburg. He and Eleanor were anointed and crowned king and queen of France on Christmas Day of the same year. She had been locked away by her husband since 1173, following her complicit involvement in her sons' rebellions against Henry II. [4] She also learned domestic skills such as household management and the needle arts of embroidery, needlepoint, sewing, spinning, and weaving. Their second son, Richard, lies at their feet, another restless Plantagenet brought to stillness by the greatest leveller of them all. Her parents' marriage had been arranged by Dangereuse with her paternal grandfather WilliamIX. Dismayed at her attitude, Bernard scolded Eleanor for her lack of penitence and interference in matters of state. Since Eleanor, 11 years her husbands senior, had long resented his infidelities, the revolt may have been instigated by her; in any case, she gave her sons considerable military support. She married John Allison about 1708, in Maryland, British Colonial America. By all accounts, Eleanor's father ensured that she had the best possible education. Eleanor of the House of Poitiers was born somewhere between 1122 and 1124, the daughter of William X, Duke of Aquitaine and Aenor de Chatellerault. In the 1964 film Becket, Eleanor is briefly played by Pamela Brown to Peter O'Toole's first performance as a young Henry II. Eleanor has her eyes open, watchful still. [30] Amy Kelly, in her article, "Eleanor of Aquitaine and Her Courts of Love," gives a very plausible description of the origins of the rules of Eleanor's court: "In the Poitevin code, man is the property, the very thing of woman; whereas a precisely contrary state of things existed in the adjacent realms of the two kings from whom the reigning duchess of Aquitaine was estranged. Like so many other facets of their story, I dont think the traditional story paints the full picture. As queen of France, Eleanor participated in the unsuccessful Second Crusade. As the heiress of the House of Poitiers, which controlled much of . This, and her known age of 82 at her death make 1122 the most likely year of her birth. For Eleanor to be convicted of these scandals in the court of public opinion for over 800 years based on such flimsy evidence is ludicrous. Neither was heard of for over two months. One of Louis's avowed Crusade goals was to journey in pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and he stated his intention to continue. The king of France, known as Louis the Fat, was also gravely ill at that time, suffering from a bout of dysentery from which he appeared unlikely to recover. Johns only victories on the Continent, therefore, were due to Eleanor. Although the figures are intended as Eleanor of Aquitaine, Henry II of England, and William Marshall, the story is an entire invention. Among those startled by this development was King Louis, who was furious that neither party had asked his consent, which he would of course have refused. [15], Louis's tenure as count of Poitou and duke of Aquitaine and Gascony lasted only a few days. Corrections? Yet the existence and reasons for this court are debated. Eleanor had only two daughters by Louis VII, but to her new husband she bore five sons and three daughters. Omissions? Facebook gives people the power to. When Eleanor died in 1204 at the age of 80, she elected to be buried where she had spent her final years, at Fontevraud Abbey. Little is known of Eleanor's involvement in these events. Eleanor supported her uncle's desire to re-capture the nearby County of Edessa, the objective of the Crusade. Searching to find out more about Eleanor Henry? Check out Eleanor Henry's Bio Now She was the eldest of three children. I wonder whether Eleanor took a hit for the team, tacitly accepting punishment as a ringleader because that allowed their sons to be reconciled to their father quickly: it wasnt their fault, it was their mothers influence. As soon as they disembarked at Southampton, Eleanor was taken either to Winchester Castle or Sarum Castle and held there. The effigy on her tomb shows a tall and large-boned woman with brown skin, though this may not be an accurate representation. From the moment the Crusaders entered Asia Minor, things began to go badly. He arrives near the end in earnest but has a couple of fascinating cameos earlier on. Louis of France had remarried and been widowed; he married for the third time and finally fathered a long-hoped-for son, Philip Augustus, also known as DieudonnGod-given. Louis's refusal and his forcing her to accompany him humiliated Eleanor, and she maintained a low profile for the rest of the crusade. Upon reaching Bordeaux, he left them in the charge of the archbishop of Bordeaux, one of his few loyal vassals. To astonishment that has echoed through the centuries, Stephen handed over the money Henry requested. The king had many mistresses, but although he treated earlier liaisons discreetly, he flaunted Rosamund. Custody of them was awarded to King Louis. We have a full Biography, Photos, Theatre Credits, and more! Although he had been invested as such on 8 August 1137, a messenger gave him the news that Louis VI had died of dysentery on 1 August while he and Eleanor were making a tour of the provinces. The production runs from January 4 -19, 2019. The best result we found for your search is Eleanor D Henry age 80+ in Camp Hill, PA in the Camp Hill neighborhood. Poitou, where Eleanor spent most of her childhood, and Aquitaine together was almost one-third the size of modern France. Eleanor was allowed to return to the place she loved above all others as its duchess, to train Richard in the tricky art of ruling Aquitaine. Eleanor of Aquitaine also formally took up the cross symbolic of the Second Crusade during a sermon preached by Bernard of Clairvaux. She had inherited her fathers enormous estates in her teens on his death in 1137 and her first husband, Louis VII of France, had been quite unable to stand up to her. If it had created a well of goodwill, it was to help settle the disputed succession in Henrys favour. It may have been largely to teach manners, something the French courts would be known for in later generations. After that, Eleanor goes on to live what, for anyone else, might constitute the third glitteringly impressive medieval life she was gifted. [9] Some believe that Eleanor's court in Poitiers was the "Court of Love" where Eleanor and her daughter Marie meshed and encouraged the ideas of troubadours, chivalry, and courtly love into a single court. Matt Lewis is an author and historian of the middle ages. From 1147 to 1149 Eleanor accompanied Louis on the Second Crusade to protect the fragile Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, founded after the First Crusade only 50 years before, from Turkish assault. At this point, Eleanor was 49 - already deemed an elderly woman. Henry is, for me, a complex character. Searching to find out more about Eleanor Henry? The French royal family retreated to Jerusalem and then sailed to Rome and made their way back to Paris. When Eleanor died in 1204 at the age of 80, she elected to be buried where she had spent her final years, at Fontevraud Abbey. Eleanor (or Alinor) was the oldest of three children of William X, Duke of Aquitaine, whose glittering ducal court was renowned in early 12th-century Europe, and his wife, Aenor de Chtellerault, the daughter of Aimery I, Viscount of Chtellerault, and Dangereuse de l'Isle Bouchard, who was William IX's longtime mistress as well as Eleanor's maternal grandmother. On television, she has been portrayed in this play by Una Venning in the BBC Sunday Night Theatre version (1952) and by Mary Morris in the BBC Shakespeare version (1984). The problem was that this made them a threat to many, most notably the King of France. She introduced those conventions in her own lands on the island of Olron in 1160 (with the "Rolls of Olron") and later in England as well. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. There was an odd series of standoffs, and a refusal to fight that is usually put down to nobles tired of the ongoing wars. Henry joined her in Poitiers and they were married in the cathedral on Whit Sunday in a simple ceremony with none of the pomp and splendour that might have been expected. During the period from Henry's accession to the birth of Eleanor's youngest son John, affairs in the kingdom were turbulent: Aquitaine, as was the norm, defied the authority of Henry as Eleanor's husband and answered only to their duchess. The second had been made by Henrys younger brother Geoffrey. [9] Andreas wrote for the court of the king of France, where Eleanor was not held in esteem. The king and queen were still optimisticthe Byzantine Emperor had told them that King Conrad III of Germany had won a great victory against a Turkish army when in fact the German army had been almost completely destroyed at Dorylaeum. John instructed his mother to travel to Castile to select one of the princesses. Explore historical records and family tree profiles about Eleanor Henry on MyHeritage, the world's family history network. Eleanor had been Queen of France, a mother to two daughters, and had been on the Second Crusade to the Holy Land, spending Easter in Jerusalem, before she encountered Henry in Paris. He fled to Paris. That made Eleanor a target, and I think it is through this lens that we need to view later criticisms of her, not to mention sordid stories that began to do the rounds. She later defended Aquitaine and Anjou from her own grandson, organising the defence . When Eleanor died in 1204 at the age of 80, she elected to exist cached where she had spent her final years, at Fontevraud Abbey. They now oversaw territories that sprawled from Hadrians Wall to the south of France. In 1199, under the terms of a truce between King PhilipII and King John, it was agreed that Philip's 12-year-old heir-apparent Louis would be married to one of John's nieces, daughters of his sister Eleanor of England, queen of Castile. Contemporary sources praise Eleanor's beauty. In 1173 she joined with her son in a revolt against King Henry, and spent 16 years in prison as a consequence. A contemporary Norman chronicler, Robert de Torigny, confessed himself uncertain whether the marriage was a matter of sudden impulse or careful premeditation. The basis for this claim seems to be the fact that Raymond advised a course of action that Louis refused to accept. On 18 May 1152 (Whit Sunday), eight weeks after her annulment, Eleanor married Henry "without the pomp and ceremony that befitted their rank."[24]. By this marriage she hoped to ensure peace between the Plantagenets of England and the Capetian kings of France. During her imprisonment, Eleanor became more and more distant from her sons, especially from Richard, who had always been her favourite. More than a thousand people who sought refuge in the church there died in the flames. Top 3 Results for Eleanor Henry in PA. 1. She actively prepared for Richards coronation as king, was administrator of the realm during his Crusade to the Holy Land, and, after his capture by the duke of Austria on Richards return from the east, collected his ransom and went in person to escort him to England. The king did not announce the arrest publicly; for the next year, the queen's whereabouts were unknown. As he is forced to reconstruct the shattered settlement of his domains, it is to her that he turns for help. She may well have encouraged her sons to rebel against their father in 1173 and after that he kept her penned up as a prisoner in England until he died in 1189. Louis then decided to cross the Phrygian mountains directly in the hope of reaching Raymond of Poitiers in Antioch more quickly. The sons were William, who died at the age of three; Henry; Richard, the Lionheart; Geoffrey, duke of Brittany; and John, surnamed Lackland until, having outlived all his brothers, he inherited, in 1199, the crown of England. He was terrified at what looked like an empire the match created on his doorstep. [22] Henry donated much money to Godstow Nunnery in Oxfordshire, where Rosamund was buried. I suspect she felt her duty to protect the duchy even more keenly because she was a woman in a world increasingly wary, if not downright fearful, of female rule. The chronicler William of Tyre, writing between 1170 and 1184 and thus perhaps too long after the event to be considered historically accurate, placed the blame for this disaster firmly on the amount of baggage being carried, much of it reputedly belonging to Eleanor and her ladies, and the presence of non-combatants. Telling the stories of Henry and Eleanor together was, as I mentioned earlier, tricky. Eleanor had lived an incredibly full medieval life before she even met Henry. While his main focus is the Wars of the Roses and Richard III, hes a historian of the middle ages in general. She immediately sent word to Henry to come promptly and marry her, and meanwhile summoned her principal vassals to renew their allegiance to her as Duchess of Aquitaine. The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. The king was madly in love with his beautiful and worldly bride, however, and granted her every whim, even though her behaviour baffled and vexed him. Eleanor became queen of France, a title she held for the next 15 years. The girls were 3 years old when "The Help" was filmed. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with representations of magnificent jewellery; such effigies were rare, and Eleanor's is one of the finest of the few that survive from this period. In April 1145, Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, Marie. One of his first acts as king was to send William Marshal to England with orders to release Eleanor from prison; he found upon his arrival that her custodians had already released her. She was not released until 6 July 1189, when her husband died and their third son, Richard I, ascended the throne. The marriage was now doomed. Eleanor of Aquitaine was born about 1122, the daughter and heiress of William X, duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers. Eleanor's purported relationship with her uncle Raymond,[21] the ruler of Antioch, was a major source of discord. Eleanors latest biographer, Alison Weir, suspects that Eleanor and Henry had been plotting since they met in Paris the previous summer and that Eleanor had deliberately encouraged the annulment of her marriage to Louis. Of Poitou and duke of Aquitaine ( 1137-1152 ) was one of the Roses and Richard,! Her cultural activities to a brutal end or careful premeditation the new bishop, married Henry the of! Was suspected of instigating, or at least encouraging and facilitating, daughter. She sought an annulment of her birth son of Henry II on 6 1189. An annulment of her childhood, and Aquitaine against her grandson Arthur of Brittany, securing... The queen 's whereabouts were unknown of Penman 's Welsh trilogy, Here Dragons! The best possible education avowed Crusade goals was to help settle the disputed succession in favour... 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